History ⏳ | German Depth: The path to Führer 🍷 | 6.2b Flashcards
Who was Ernst Röhm?
A WW1 captain and SA leader. He was arrested in the Munich Putsch.
Who did Goebbels originally support?
Gregor Strasser, but he became loyal to Hitler after the Bamburg conference.
Who was Hermann Göring?
A WW1 pilot also involved in the Munich Putsch, who became a reichstag deputy that helped Hitler make important contacts.
Who was Heinrich Himmler?
The head of the SS from 1929 onwards, taking part in the Munich Putsch. He grew in influence after Hitler’s rise.
Once Hitler became Chancellor, what limitations did he have to his power?
- Hindenburg could sack him at any time
- Hitler did not control the army
- There were only 3 nazis in the 14 minister cabinet
- The economy was still weak
- Hitler didn’t have a majority of the Reichstag
When Hitler became chancellor who were the three nazi ministers in the cabinet?
Hitler, Göring, and
“Wilhelm Frick”
Who names these children??
Once Hitler was Chancellor, how was the SA affected?
With access to state resources, he was able to expand the activities of the SA with legal authority
Once Hitler was Chancellor, what was the SA allowed to do?
Gangs of the SA were allowed to attack the offices of trade unions and the Communist Party (KPD), to break up the meetings of the SPD and the KPD and to attack the homes of left-wing politicians.
When SPD newspapers condemned this they were banned
What was the name of the first concentration camp?
Dachau
When was Dachau established?
Mar 1933
What was Dachau used for, originally?
To send political opponents
By the end of 1933, how many political opponents had been arrested?
100,000 opponents
In order, what events took place in Hitler’s path to Führer?
1. The Reichstag Fire2. The Enabling Act3. Night of the Long Knives4. Hindenburg's passing
its in orange cos i thought it would be cool… idk
What was Hitler’s first act as chancellor?
To call a new election, hoping to win Reichstag majority.
Prior to the Reichstag Fire, how did Hitler condemn the KPD?
There was street fighting that had left 69 people dead. He blamed this on the KPD.
When did the Reichstag burn down?
27 Feb 1933
Who was blamed for the Reichstag Fire?
Dutch communist Marnius van de Lubbe, found at the scene
Was the reichstag set on fire by communists?
Well, this is debated.
- Some historians said van de Lubbe was used as a scapegoat and the nazis started the fire themselves
- Or perhaps it was really done by a communist
What agreement did Hitler persuade Hindenburg to sign after the events of the Reichstag Fire?
‘The Decree for the Protection of People and the State’
What did the Decree for the Protection of People and the State allow for?
It allowed Hitler to cut individual rights, giving the government more rights
Following the Reichstag fire, who was arrested?
- Hitler arrested KPD leaders for ‘attempting revolution’
- Hitler also arrested other poltical opponents so he could win the election
Despite the nazi party support increasing after the Reichstag Fire, what was the party lacking?
- A majority in the Reichstag
- The ability to change constitution (needing 434 seats)
Why was the Reichstag Fire significant?
- Hitler eliminated the most conflicting party: the KPD
- The political climate was set for the enabling act, where Reichstag support was needed
When was the Enabling Act?
23 Mar 1933
Where did the Enabling Act take place?
In the Kroll Opera House
Here, the Reichstag deputies met
Where did the Enabling Act take place?
In the Kroll Opera House
Here, the Reichstag deputies met
What did Hitler propose during the Enabling Act?
For Hitler to be able to pass new laws without interference from the Reichstag
How did Hitler use terror during the Enabling Act to get what he wanted?
He surrounded the building with SA men
During the Enabling Act, which parties supported the act proposed?
- The SPD opposed it
- The DNVP supported it
- The KPD was banned now
- The Catholic Centre party was undecided, until Hitler gave them a… proposition: It was up to the center party to decide
What fraction of the Reichstag was needed to change the constitution?
2/3 majority
How did Hitler convince the Catholic centre party to support the Enabling Act?
He promsed to support the Catholic Church and Catholic Schools, and the act was passed.
Why was the Enabling Act significant?
Hitler now only needed Hindenburg’s backing for decisions.
When were opposition parties banned in Germany?
June 1933
When were trade unions outlawed in Nazi Germany?
May 1933
When was The Night of the Long Knives?
30 June 1934
When trade unions were outlawed, what were workers represented by?
the ‘Nazi-led German Labour Front’
How many members did the SA have in 1934?
2.5 million members
What did radical SA members expect after Hitler was Chancellor, in 1934?
They expected action against Jews, the ToV, and big business
Why didn’t Hitler appease radical nazis when he became Chancellor?
He knew it was too early to make any bold moves, in fear of angering big businesses or foreign governments
What did Röhm say against Hitler that prompted the The Night of the Long Knives?
He felt that Hitler was too friendly with rich conservatives and had lost touch with ordinary nazis.
How did Himmler’s actions prompt The Night of the Long Knives?
Himmler hated Röhm and so claimed that he was planning a putsch, even forging evidence to prove it.
How did Hitler set up The Night of the Long Knives?
He gave the SA a holiday in a hotel in Bavaria. Hitler travelled there with a group of SS men.
What was the fate of Röhm after the The Night of the Long Knives?
Rohm was arrested and executed
How many people were killed after The Night of the Long Knives?
200 people.
Who were the significant figures killed during The Night of the Long Knives?
Shleicher, Gregor Strasser, von Kahr, Ernst Rohm
How were the murderous acts of The Night of the Long Knives legalised?
The cabinet issued a decree that said ‘The measures taken on the 30th June and 1st and 2nd July to suppress the acts of high treason are legal, being necessary for the self-defence of the state’
“Hitler had legalised murder”
Why was the The Night of the Long Knives significant?
- The internal Nazi oppositon was stabilised
- Murder was legalised (for treason)
When was Hindenburg's Passing?
Aug 2, 1934
What did Hindenburg's Passing give Hitler?
The position of president, in addition to Chancellor
Why was Hindenburg's Passing significant?
It was Hitler’s last obstacle to total power.
Define Führer.
Someone with the position of president and chancellor at the same time
aka adolf hitler
What % of Germany supported Hitler as Führer?
Over 90%
After Hindenburg's Passing, what did the army do?
They swore an oath of allegiance to Hitler personally
Did Hitler kill Hindenburg?
Nooooooo
nooooo definietly not
-nervous chuckle-
Define Gau
The name of the 35 different regions that Hiter split Germany into to have easier control
Define Gauleiter
Leader of a Gau, responsible for winning support and spreading the message
Define Hitler Youth
An organisation to teach young men nazi principles
Define Order of Germen Women
A fusion of nazi and women’s organisations who made women subordinate to the NSDAP
Define Nazi teacher’s association
An association where teachers were forced to teach Nazi propaganda.
Define Union of Nazi Lawyers
German legal professionals in the third reich that lawyers were forced to join.
Define Gleichshaltung
“co-ordination”
Taking over or ‘coordinating’ as many aspects of German life as possible along Nazi lines so that the government had control of all key aspects of society.
What holiday did the Nazis declare on the 1st March each year?
The day for international socialist labor
What holiday did the Nazis declare on the 1st March each year?
The day for international socialist labour
Why did the Nazis declare a holiday for international socialist labor?
This gave the impression to workers that the nazis were willing to accept and cooperate with trade unions.
What did the nazis really use the day for international socialist labour for?
They used the holiday as an oppourtunity to:
- Arrest opponents
- Occupy trade union premises
- Confiscate funds
What did nazis replace trade unions with?
The German Labor front (DAF) under Robert Ley
What was the DAF used for?
As an instrument of control, to remove worker rights such as negotiating wages and working conditions
When was the SA banned?
22 June 1933
When was the catholic centre party banned?
5 July 1933
Which law in Nazi Germany established a one-party state?
‘Law against the Formation of New Parties’
When was the ‘Law against the formation of new parties’ created?
14 July 1933
What was the Länder system?
The federal structure in Weimar Germany where a large number of powers were each given control over smaller, regional governments.
Why did Hitler dislike the Länder system?
The Länder system gave various German states degrees of independence, but Hitler wanted a strong unified Germany.
How many Länder were there?
17 Länder
When did the Nazis pass a law replacing regional parliments with Nazi dominated assemblies?
31 Mar 1933
When did the Nazis create ‘Reich governers’ who would oversee the governments of German states / Länder?
7 Apr 1933
When did the Nazis abolish regional parliments?
30 Jan 1934
What happened to state governments once regional parliments were abolished?
They were all formally subordinated to the central government
Who did the nazis use to control local governments in Nazi germany?
The Gauleiters
How did the Weimar civil service respond to the arrival of the Nazis?
As they were more conservative, they welcomed the arrival of the Nazis seeing it as a return to the authoritarian rule of the Kaiser
How did the Nazis change Weimar civil service?
They replaced local officials with Nazi officials and placed party officials in government offices to ensure that the others followed Nazi orders.
In October 1933, how many lawyers saluted the nazis?
10,000 lawyers gave the nazi salute
Why did the nazis initially give the Catholic Churches independence?
Hitler felt that this would reassure the church, while he was setting up the dictatorship.
What did the concordant signed between the Papacy and Nazi regime agree on?
Nazis guaranteed the Catholic Church religious freedom and full control over its own education and its property and legal rights. The papacy in return said that they would not interfere in politics and would give diplomatic recognition to the Nazi government.
sure
What were the key components of Gleichshaltung?
- Trade unions
- Political parties
- Federal states
- Civil service
- Church
When was the Law on Imposition and Enforcement of the Death Penalty enacted?
29 Mar 1933
What did the Law on Impositon and Enforcement of the Death Penalty do?
~~well its kinda in the name~~
It imposed the death penalty for crimes such arson and high treason, even via hanging.
Why was the Law on Imposition and Enforcement of the Death Penalty implemented?
So that the nazis could legally kill all participants in the Reichstag fire (and create some terror)
