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IGCSEs > Biology πŸƒ | Cells | 1.2 + 2 > Flashcards

Biology πŸƒ | Cells | 1.2 + 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the shape of an animal cell?

A

Animal cells are irregularly shaped.

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2
Q

What is the shape of a bacterial cell?

A

Bacterial cells are usually structured similarly, and are quite organized.

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3
Q

What do animal cells uniquely have?

A

Impermanent small vacuoles, glycogen granules.

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4
Q

What do plant cells uniquely have?

A

A cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts, starch grains, and large vacuoles.

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5
Q

What do bacterial cells uniquely have?

A

Plasmid, flagella, non cellulose cell wall, pili.

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6
Q

What is the shape of an animal cell like?

A

Animal cells have an irregular shape.

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7
Q

What do animal cells make up?

A

Tissue that may be connected.

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8
Q

Do animal cells have starch grains?

A

No, but some have similar glycogen granules.

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9
Q

How are plant cells shaped?

A

They have a brick like structure and regular shape.

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10
Q

What gives plant cells a green colour?

A

Chlorophylls, the green pigment in chloroplasts

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11
Q

What is a plant’s cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose.

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12
Q

What is found in a plant cell vacuole?

A

Cell sap.

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13
Q

What is the main thing bacterial cells lack?

A

A nucleus.

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14
Q

What is the smallest distance visible by the naked eye?

A

0.2mm.

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15
Q

What is the smallest distance visible with a good light microscope?

A

200nm.

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16
Q

What is the smallest distance visible with an electron microscope?

A

0.2nm.

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17
Q

What is the most common type of microscope?

A

Light microscopes.

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18
Q

How does a light microscope magnify?

A

It uses glass lenses to magnify and focus the image, shining light through the part of an animal or plant.

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19
Q

How much can light microscopes magnfy?

A

1500x

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20
Q

How much can electron microscope magnify?

A

10 millionx

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21
Q

How does an electron microscope magnify?

A

It uses a beam of electrons instead of light.

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22
Q

What are cell membranes made of?

A

Cell membranes are made of a thin layer of protein and fat.

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23
Q

Are cell membranes fully permeable?

A

No, the thin layer of lipids makes it partially permeable, meaning only some substances through.

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24
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane controls what goes in and out of the cell, and holds all the other organelles.

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25
What is the cell wall made of in plant cells?
In plant cells, cell walls are made of cellulose.
26
What is the structure of a cell wall like?
Cellulose forms fibers which criss-cross over one another, forming a strong covering.
27
How permeable are cell walls?
Cell walls are fully permeable as they even let large molecules in.
28
What is the function of a cell wall?
A cell wall protects a cell from bursting from swelling, as well as supports the cell.
29
Where are chloroplasts found?
Chloroplasts are found in most green parts of plants.
30
What are starch grains, where are they found?
Starch grains are the products of photosynthesis, packed with sugar and glucose. They are found in chloroplasts.
31
What is the function of chloroplasts?
They absorb energy from sunlight with the chlorophyll pigment.
32
What is the cytoplasm made of?
The cytoplasm is a clear jelly, 70% water. There are substances such as protein dissolved in it.
33
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
The water in the cytoplasm provides a medium for metabolic reactions to take place.
34
What is the size of ribosomes?
They are even smaller than mitochondria, and can only be seen with an electron microscope.
35
What is the network of ribosomes called?
The rough endoplasmic reticulum.
36
What is the structure of ribosomes?
Ribosomes are like tiny dots attached to a network of membranes. They run throughout the cytoplasm.
37
What is the function of ribosomes?
Ribosomes synthesize amino acids, joining them together to make proteins.
38
How do ribosomes create specific proteins?
They get instructions from DNA in the cell's nucleus, which specifies what sequence of amino acids should be strung.
39
What is the function of the nucleus?
It stores all genetic information, the cell is given instruction from the DNA.
40
Where exactly is genetic information kept?
Chromosones.
41
How does a chromosome's structure change during cell division?
They are long and thin normally, but when a cell divides they are short and thick.
42
What is the function of mitochondria?
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell. Aerobic respiration takes place to give energy.
43
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Oxygen + glucose > Carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)
44
What is the reserve fuel created from mitochondria?
Glycogen granules.
45
Which cells have more mitochondria?
Cells that use more energy such as muscle, sperm, and nerve cells.
46
What is the size of a permanent vacuole compared to vesicles?
They are very large. What an informative flascard
47
What are the vacuoles that animal cells have called?
Animal cells have smaller ones that are impermanent - called vesicles.
48
What is the function of a permanent vacuole?
It contains sugar and other substances called cell sap for energy, and a full vacuole presses outwards on the cell to keep it in shape.
49
What are the levels of organisation?
Organelles-cells-tissues-organs-organ systems.
50
What is a specialized cell?
A cell with a specific function, specialized to do something better than others.
51
Define organelle.
A cell structure specialized to carry out a particular function or job.
52
Define cell.
Basic structural and functional unit of a living organism.
53
Define tissue.
Group of cells with similar features, working together to perform specific function.
54
Define organ.
Structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions.
55
Define organ system.
Group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions.
56
Where are root hair cells found?
In the roots of plants.
57
What is the function of root hair cells?
To absorb nutrients and water from soil into roots.
58
What are the adaptations of root hair cells?
They have long projections that increase the surface area to increase the amount of water and nutrients that can be absorbed.
59
Where are xylem vessels found?
Stems of plants.
60
What is the function of xylem vessel cells?
They transport water and minerals from roots to leaves, flowers, and fruits.
61
What are the adaptations of xylem vessels?
They have no cytoplasm - just hollow tubes so water can easily move through.
62
Where are palisade mesophyll cells found?
In the leaves and stems of plants.
63
What is the function of palisade mesophyll cells?
They carry out photosynthesis in leaves of plants to produce glucose which is used as an energy source.
64
What are the adaptations of palisade mesophyll cells?
They contain many chloroplasts and are tightly packed for maximum efficiency.
65
Where are sperm cells found?
The testes of male animals.
66
What is the function of sperm cells?
To fertilize the egg cell.
67
What are the adaptations of sperm cells?
S - Streamlined small shape P - Possess a tail that allows it to swim E - Energy needed is high; so they have more mitochondria than usual.
68
Where are egg cells found?
In ovaries of female animals.
69
What is the function of the egg cell?
To be fertilized by a sperm cell and develop into an embryo.
70
What are the adaptations of the egg cell?
The "Yolk" contains lots of glycogen as an energy store, and it has a large size to develop into an embryo.
71
Where are ciliated cells found?
In the lining of airways, and oviducts (to help egg cell move.)
72
What is the function of ciliated cells?
To collect dirt and bacteria and waft them away (or move egg cell).
73
What are the adaptations of ciliated cells?
They have hair like projections to move and catch dirt, and move in unison.
74
Where are nerve cells found?
In the brain, spinal cord, and nervous system of vertebrates and some invertebrates.
75
What is the function of a nerve cell?
It carries electrical impulses around an organism to help with sensitivity.
76
What are the adaptations of nerve cells?
They have a long shape and many branches to help send signals and connect to other nerve cells.
77
Where are red blood cells found?
In the circulatory system of most animals.
78
What is the function of red blood cells?
To carry oxygen around the body.
79
What are the adaptations of red blood cells?
Have a smooth shape to travel through blood vessels, don't have a nucleus so they have more space to carry oxygen, and have a biconcave shape for a higher surface area.
80
What carries oxygen in red blood cells?
Haemoglobin
81
What are some examples of tissues?
Palisade mesophyll Epithelial tissue Xylem tissue Muscle tissue
82
What are some examples of organs?
``` Brain Eye Liver Leaf Skin ```
83
What are some examples of organ systems?
The circulatory system The nervous system The digestive system
84
How are new cells made?
Cells split.
85
How many m is one hectometer?
10^2.
86
How many m is one decameter?
10^1
87
What is the formula of magnification?
Magnification = Image size / Actual size
88
What is the formula of actual size?
Actual size = Image size / Magnification
89
What is the formula of image size?
Image size = Magnification * Actual size.

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