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IGCSEs > Biology πŸƒ | Cells | 1.2 + 2 > Flashcards

Biology πŸƒ | Cells | 1.2 + 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the shape of an animal cell?

A

Animal cells are irregularly shaped.

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2
Q

What is the shape of a bacterial cell?

A

Bacterial cells are usually structured similarly, and are quite organized.

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3
Q

What do animal cells uniquely have?

A

Impermanent small vacuoles, glycogen granules.

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4
Q

What do plant cells uniquely have?

A

A cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts, starch grains, and large vacuoles.

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5
Q

What do bacterial cells uniquely have?

A

Plasmid, flagella, non cellulose cell wall, pili.

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6
Q

What is the shape of an animal cell like?

A

Animal cells have an irregular shape.

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7
Q

What do animal cells make up?

A

Tissue that may be connected.

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8
Q

Do animal cells have starch grains?

A

No, but some have similar glycogen granules.

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9
Q

How are plant cells shaped?

A

They have a brick like structure and regular shape.

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10
Q

What gives plant cells a green colour?

A

Chlorophylls, the green pigment in chloroplasts

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11
Q

What is a plant’s cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose.

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12
Q

What is found in a plant cell vacuole?

A

Cell sap.

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13
Q

What is the main thing bacterial cells lack?

A

A nucleus.

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14
Q

What is the smallest distance visible by the naked eye?

A

0.2mm.

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15
Q

What is the smallest distance visible with a good light microscope?

A

200nm.

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16
Q

What is the smallest distance visible with an electron microscope?

A

0.2nm.

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17
Q

What is the most common type of microscope?

A

Light microscopes.

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18
Q

How does a light microscope magnify?

A

It uses glass lenses to magnify and focus the image, shining light through the part of an animal or plant.

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19
Q

How much can light microscopes magnfy?

A

1500x

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20
Q

How much can electron microscope magnify?

A

10 millionx

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21
Q

How does an electron microscope magnify?

A

It uses a beam of electrons instead of light.

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22
Q

What are cell membranes made of?

A

Cell membranes are made of a thin layer of protein and fat.

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23
Q

Are cell membranes fully permeable?

A

No, the thin layer of lipids makes it partially permeable, meaning only some substances through.

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24
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane controls what goes in and out of the cell, and holds all the other organelles.

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25
Q

What is the cell wall made of in plant cells?

A

In plant cells, cell walls are made of cellulose.

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26
Q

What is the structure of a cell wall like?

A

Cellulose forms fibers which criss-cross over one another, forming a strong covering.

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27
Q

How permeable are cell walls?

A

Cell walls are fully permeable as they even let large molecules in.

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28
Q

What is the function of a cell wall?

A

A cell wall protects a cell from bursting from swelling, as well as supports the cell.

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29
Q

Where are chloroplasts found?

A

Chloroplasts are found in most green parts of plants.

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30
Q

What are starch grains, where are they found?

A

Starch grains are the products of photosynthesis, packed with sugar and glucose. They are found in chloroplasts.

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31
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

They absorb energy from sunlight with the chlorophyll pigment.

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32
Q

What is the cytoplasm made of?

A

The cytoplasm is a clear jelly, 70% water. There are substances such as protein dissolved in it.

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33
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

The water in the cytoplasm provides a medium for metabolic reactions to take place.

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34
Q

What is the size of ribosomes?

A

They are even smaller than mitochondria, and can only be seen with an electron microscope.

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35
Q

What is the network of ribosomes called?

A

The rough endoplasmic reticulum.

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36
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes are like tiny dots attached to a network of membranes. They run throughout the cytoplasm.

37
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes synthesize amino acids, joining them together to make proteins.

38
Q

How do ribosomes create specific proteins?

A

They get instructions from DNA in the cell’s nucleus, which specifies what sequence of amino acids should be strung.

39
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

It stores all genetic information, the cell is given instruction from the DNA.

40
Q

Where exactly is genetic information kept?

A

Chromosones.

41
Q

How does a chromosome’s structure change during cell division?

A

They are long and thin normally, but when a cell divides they are short and thick.

42
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell. Aerobic respiration takes place to give energy.

43
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen + glucose > Carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

44
Q

What is the reserve fuel created from mitochondria?

A

Glycogen granules.

45
Q

Which cells have more mitochondria?

A

Cells that use more energy such as muscle, sperm, and nerve cells.

46
Q

What is the size of a permanent vacuole compared to vesicles?

A

They are very large.

What an informative flascard

47
Q

What are the vacuoles that animal cells have called?

A

Animal cells have smaller ones that are impermanent - called vesicles.

48
Q

What is the function of a permanent vacuole?

A

It contains sugar and other substances called cell sap for energy, and a full vacuole presses outwards on the cell to keep it in shape.

49
Q

What are the levels of organisation?

A

Organelles-cells-tissues-organs-organ systems.

50
Q

What is a specialized cell?

A

A cell with a specific function, specialized to do something better than others.

51
Q

Define organelle.

A

A cell structure specialized to carry out a particular function or job.

52
Q

Define cell.

A

Basic structural and functional unit of a living organism.

53
Q

Define tissue.

A

Group of cells with similar features, working together to perform specific function.

54
Q

Define organ.

A

Structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions.

55
Q

Define organ system.

A

Group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions.

56
Q

Where are root hair cells found?

A

In the roots of plants.

57
Q

What is the function of root hair cells?

A

To absorb nutrients and water from soil into roots.

58
Q

What are the adaptations of root hair cells?

A

They have long projections that increase the surface area to increase the amount of water and nutrients that can be absorbed.

59
Q

Where are xylem vessels found?

A

Stems of plants.

60
Q

What is the function of xylem vessel cells?

A

They transport water and minerals from roots to leaves, flowers, and fruits.

61
Q

What are the adaptations of xylem vessels?

A

They have no cytoplasm - just hollow tubes so water can easily move through.

62
Q

Where are palisade mesophyll cells found?

A

In the leaves and stems of plants.

63
Q

What is the function of palisade mesophyll cells?

A

They carry out photosynthesis in leaves of plants to produce glucose which is used as an energy source.

64
Q

What are the adaptations of palisade mesophyll cells?

A

They contain many chloroplasts and are tightly packed for maximum efficiency.

65
Q

Where are sperm cells found?

A

The testes of male animals.

66
Q

What is the function of sperm cells?

A

To fertilize the egg cell.

67
Q

What are the adaptations of sperm cells?

A

S - Streamlined small shape
P - Possess a tail that allows it to swim
E - Energy needed is high; so they have more mitochondria than usual.

68
Q

Where are egg cells found?

A

In ovaries of female animals.

69
Q

What is the function of the egg cell?

A

To be fertilized by a sperm cell and develop into an embryo.

70
Q

What are the adaptations of the egg cell?

A

The β€œYolk” contains lots of glycogen as an energy store, and it has a large size to develop into an embryo.

71
Q

Where are ciliated cells found?

A

In the lining of airways, and oviducts (to help egg cell move.)

72
Q

What is the function of ciliated cells?

A

To collect dirt and bacteria and waft them away (or move egg cell).

73
Q

What are the adaptations of ciliated cells?

A

They have hair like projections to move and catch dirt, and move in unison.

74
Q

Where are nerve cells found?

A

In the brain, spinal cord, and nervous system of vertebrates and some invertebrates.

75
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell?

A

It carries electrical impulses around an organism to help with sensitivity.

76
Q

What are the adaptations of nerve cells?

A

They have a long shape and many branches to help send signals and connect to other nerve cells.

77
Q

Where are red blood cells found?

A

In the circulatory system of most animals.

78
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

To carry oxygen around the body.

79
Q

What are the adaptations of red blood cells?

A

Have a smooth shape to travel through blood vessels, don’t have a nucleus so they have more space to carry oxygen, and have a biconcave shape for a higher surface area.

80
Q

What carries oxygen in red blood cells?

A

Haemoglobin

81
Q

What are some examples of tissues?

A

Palisade mesophyll
Epithelial tissue
Xylem tissue
Muscle tissue

82
Q

What are some examples of organs?

A 
Brain
Eye
Liver
Leaf
Skin
83
Q

What are some examples of organ systems?

A

The circulatory system
The nervous system
The digestive system

84
Q

How are new cells made?

A

Cells split.

85
Q

How many m is one hectometer?

A

10^2.

86
Q

How many m is one decameter?

A

10^1

87
Q

What is the formula of magnification?

A

Magnification = Image size / Actual size

88
Q

What is the formula of actual size?

A

Actual size = Image size / Magnification

89
Q

What is the formula of image size?

A

Image size = Magnification * Actual size.

IGCSEs (68 decks)

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