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IGCSEs > History ⏳ | Vietnam and the trail against America πŸ›‘ | 5.3 > Flashcards

History ⏳ | Vietnam and the trail against America πŸ›‘ | 5.3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which countries does Indo-China refer to?

A

Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos

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2
Q

Who controlled Indo-China in the 1860s?

A

France

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3
Q

When did France lose Indo-China?

A

1940

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4
Q

Who did France lose Indo-China to?

A

Japan

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5
Q

Who was the president of North Vietnam?

A

Ho Chi Minh

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6
Q

When did Ho Chi Minh announce the independence of Vietnam?

A

September 2 1945

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7
Q

Why was there a war between France and Vietnam?

A

They regained control of Vietnam after brief communist leadership

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8
Q

How many French losses were there between 1946 and 1954?

A

72,000 men

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9
Q

How much aid did the USA give France in the first war (the war where they tried to gain control of Vietnam)?

A

$2.6 Billion

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10
Q

How did the Chinese revolution make things harder for France in the first war in Vietnam?

A

Mao supplied arms to the North Vietnamese forces, the Viet Minh

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11
Q

Define Viet Minh and Viet Cong

A

Names given by western politicians and journalists to Vietnamese communist forces

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12
Q

Where did France lose the first war in Vietnam?

A

At Dien Bien Phu

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13
Q

When did France lose the first war in Vietnam?

A

1954 March

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14
Q

Define Geneva agreements 1954

A

The main points set out in the peace treaty on Indo-China

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15
Q

What were the main points of the 1954 Geneva agreements?

A
  • Indo China would be divided into 4: North and South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia
  • Division of North and South at the 17 degrees North line of latitude
  • Foreign troops to withdraw from Indo-China
  • Elections to be set for 1956
  • International commission ensured that measures were followed
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16
Q

What countries was Indo-China divided into by the 1954 Geneva agreement?

A

North Vietnam, South Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia

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17
Q

Where was the North and South divided by the 1954 Geneva agreement?

A

17oN line of lattitude

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18
Q

When were elections set for by the 1954 Geneva agreement?

A

1956

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19
Q

Who refused to sign the 1954 Geneva agreement?

A

The USA

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20
Q

Why did the USA refuse to sign the 1954 Geneva agreement?

A

The USA realised the communists would win so Eisenhower persuaded president Diem to not have an election.

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21
Q

Who was the president of South Vietnam?

A

Ngo Dinh Diem

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22
Q

Who led the Vietnamese independence movement?

A

Ho Chi Minh

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23
Q

When was the National Liberation Front / Viet Cong created?

A

1960

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24
Q

What kind of tactics did the Viet Cong use?

A

Guerrilla tactics

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25
Q

Who did the Viet Cong consist of?

A

A mixture of anti-government forces, including Buddhists, patriots, and communists

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26
Q

Define Guerrilla

A

A guerrilla war in which small groups use raids, assassinations, and sabotage against larger armies.

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27
Q

What makes Guerrilla fighters often hard to identify?

A
  • They often passes as children or old people who passes messages and hid weapons
  • Use of a complex network of tunnels and underground bases
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28
Q

North Vietnam was controlled by … and South Vietnam was controlled by …

A

North Vietnam: USSR
South Vietnam: USA

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29
Q

What was the Ho Chi Minh Trail?

A

A logistical network of roads and trails that ran from North Vietnam to South Vietnam to infiltrate Viet Cong troops and supplies into Vietnam

It ran through Laos and Cambodia too

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30
Q

How did the Ho Chi Minh’s backgrounds specialise them to use the Ho Chi Minh trail?

A

They were born southerners but were trained by the North, which gave them insight on the land.

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31
Q

Define domino theory

A

The idea that if one country falls to communism, the neighbors also will

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32
Q

Why did Kennedy start aerial bombing in Vietnam?

A

The communist group the Pathet Lao were trying to overthrow the monarchy

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33
Q

Who were the Pathet Lao?

A

A communist political movement which worked with the Viet Minh in the French Vietnam war

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34
Q

When did Kennedy start aerial bombing?

A

1961

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35
Q

How did the USA respond to the Pathet Lao trying to overthrow the monarchy?

A

The CIA trained an anti-communist force and supplies were flown in from Thailand

36
Q

In 1961 how many military advisers were sent to help Diem?

A

16,000 military advisers were sent

37
Q

When did Buuddhist protests against Diem’s government begin?

A

1963

38
Q

Why was a coup staged against Diem by the CIA?

A

Because Kennedy had gotten tired of Diem after the embarrasing defeat at Pathet Lao

39
Q

What was the result of the coup against Diem?

A

The bloody execution of Diem

40
Q

When was the coup against Diem?

A

November 1963

41
Q

When was Kennedy assasinated?

A

November 1963

42
Q

Who succeeded Kennedy?

A

Lyndon B Johnson

43
Q

Which idea did Johnson believe in?

A

Domino theory.

44
Q

Why was Johnson under political pressure to be tough on communism?

A

The next presidential election was due in November 1964

45
Q

When was the Gulf of Tonkin?

A

1964

46
Q

Describe the Gulf of Tonkin incident.

A
  • The Maddox ship in the Tonkin gulf was alledged to have come under North Vietnamese fire
  • Despite this have been a false alarm, congress allowed Johnson to send more military power to Vietnam
47
Q

When did Total War start in Vietnam?

A

1965

48
Q

Why did American bombing intensify with Operation Rolling Thunder in the Vietnam war?

A

The Viet Cong attacked the US base at Pleiku.

49
Q

When was Operation Rolling Thunder?

A

March 2 1965

50
Q

Why was the USA afraid of bombing the port of Haiphong?

A

They feared it would hit Soviet ships

51
Q

What were the USA’s tactics for victory during total war?

A
  • Heavy use of aerial bombing to destroy Viet Cong strongholds
  • Use of chemical weapons such as napalm and agent orange to destroy trees and jungle (hiding places for enemy)
  • β€˜Search and destroy’ missions. Combat units would go out into the countryside to locate Viet Cong bases and supplies, punishing villages helping the enemy.
52
Q

When did Operation Rolling Thunder end?

A

November 2, 1968

53
Q

When was the Tet Offensive?

A

1968

54
Q

What was the Tet Offensive?

A

An offensive where on Vietnamese New Year, Viet Cong troops almost captured the US embassy in Saigon. It failed.

55
Q

Why did Anti-War protests in the USA start in 1968?

A
  • Reporters and TV started publishing horrifying images of the search and destroy missions
  • The Tet offensive failed, showing that the US government was lying about winning the war.
  • (Though the next year), the reveal of the My Lai Massacre
56
Q

How did Johnson react to the 1968 protests?

A

He announces he wouldnt seek re-election as president

57
Q

What was the My Lai Massacre?

A

The brutal killing and rape of many unarmed civillians in the small village of My Lai the USA.

58
Q

Who led the search and destroy mission of the My Lai Massacre?

A

Charlie Company

59
Q

How many people were slaughtered in the My Lai Massacre?

A

374

60
Q

When was the My Lai Massacre?

A

March 1968

61
Q

How did the My Lai Massacre end?

A

When USA helicopter pilot Hugh Thompson landed and threatened to shoot the American soldiers unless they stopped

62
Q

When was the My Lai Massacre publicised?

A

1969

63
Q

Who is the commanding officer found guilty in the My Lai Massacre?

A

William Calley

64
Q

Define Vietnamisation

A

The reduction of US troop levels and getting the South Vietnamese army to do more of the fighting

65
Q

Who replaced Johnson?

A

Richard Nixon

66
Q

Which policy did Richard Nixon follow?

A

Vietnamisation

67
Q

When did Nixon extend the aerial bombings to Cambodia?

A

1970

68
Q

When did some war veterans start protesting against Nixon?

A

1972

69
Q

Why did people criticise Nixon?

A
  • He extended aerial bombing to Cambodia without telling Congress
  • He replaced the Cambodian ruler with the corrupt and unpopulat Lon Nol
70
Q

Who led the 1972 peace talks?

A

Nixon’s National Security dviser, Henry Kissinger

71
Q

What actions did Nixon take in 1972?

A
  • He launched the heaviest aerial bombardments yet: Operation Linebacker I and II
  • He made a secret promise to the South that the USA would support them if they were invaded by the North again

He did this without telling Congress

72
Q

What actions did Nixon take in 1972?

A
  • He launched the heaviest aerial bombardments yet: Operation Linebacker I and II
  • He made a secret promise to the South that the USA would support them if they were invaded by the North again

He did this without telling Congress

73
Q

When was the peace treaty signed in Vietnam?

A

January 1973

74
Q

Who won the Vietnam war?

A

The North / Communists

75
Q

Why did Nixon resign?

A

Because of the watergate scandal

76
Q

What was the watergate scandal?

A

A scandal where a group of men were arrested breaking into the Watergate hotel in Washington DC to steal documents from the Democrat’s offices in the USA presidential campaign. They were caught and it was found that Nixon was involved

77
Q

When did the North invade South Vietnam for the final time?

A

March 1974

78
Q

When did the North win the Vietnam War?

A

April 1975

79
Q

Effects of the war

How many Civillians were lost in South Vietnam

A

2.5 million

80
Q

Effects of the war

How many citizens of South Vietnam were tortured in re-education camps after the war?

A

300,000

81
Q

Effects of the war

How many men did North Vietnam lose?

A

650,000

82
Q

Effects of the war

How many men did the Viet Cong lose?

A

1 million

83
Q

Effects of the war

How many men did the USA lose?

A

58,220

84
Q

Effects of the war

What happened to Vietnam’s economy after the War?

A

It was destroyed by bombing and chemical weapons. (Increased cancer and deformed babies)

85
Q

How did the failure to stop communism in Vietnam lead to murder?

A

Communism in Cambodia under Pol Pot leed to the mass murder of 2 million people

86
Q

What are the two reasons why the USA lost the Vietnam War?

A
  1. Military factors; Viet Cong was too well organised and Ho Chi Minh trail was well hidden. Use of modern tech by the USA would have cost public opinion.
  2. Domestic factors; Public was more and more against the war, the USA couldn’t afford to be seen killing innocent people. With many changes of presidents, it was unstable. Propaganda was not that important in the cold war.
87
Q

How was the domino theory proved incorrect by the Vietnam War?

A

Cambodia and Laos fell to communism but Thailand and Philippines did not.

IGCSEs (68 decks)

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