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IGCSEs > History ⏳ | Were the Peace treaties fair? 🀝🏼 | 1.1 > Flashcards

History ⏳ | Were the Peace treaties fair? 🀝🏼 | 1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define epidemic.

A

An infectious disease that has spread over a wide area affecting thousands of people

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2
Q

Define disarmament.

A

The process of destroying some or all weapons and armed forces that could be used in fighting a war.

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3
Q

Define naval supremacy.

A

Achieved a country has when it has more battleships than their competitors.

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4
Q

Define Tariff.

A

A tax imposed by the government that has to be paid on imports or exports

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5
Q

Define self-determination.

A

That an ethnic group should have the right to their own independent country instead of living as a minority inside of a larger country dominated by a different ethnic group

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6
Q

Define League of Nations.

A

A membership organisation for nations, intended to promote internal discussion, solve international conflicts and so avoid war.

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7
Q

What time period did the League of Nations last for?

A

1920-46

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7
Q

When was the Paris Peace Conference?

A

Jan 1919.

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8
Q

What were the factors driving the peace talks after WW1?

A
  • Revenge – the victors punishing the losers
  • Compensation – money for the victors
  • Establishing of future peace
  • Threats of revolutions
  • The Spanish flu epidemic
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9
Q

How many countries were invited to the Paris Peace conferences?

A

32 countries, not equal say.

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10
Q

Who was not invited to the Paris peace conference?

A

Central Powers and Russia.

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11
Q

Who were the β€œBig Three”?

A

Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson.

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12
Q

What country did Lloyd George lead?

A

The UK.

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13
Q

What country did Georges Clemenceau lead?

A

France.

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14
Q

What country did Woodrow Wilson represent?

A

The USA.

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15
Q

Since the Big Three were democratically elected, they had to account for __.

A

Public opinion.

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16
Q

What did the secret treaties of WW1 lead to in the Paris Peace Conference?

A

It led to a lot of bitterness and and argument to those who didn’t know about the treaties.

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17
Q

What were Lloyd George’s motives during the Peace talks?

A
  • Huge losses of life and economic power
  • As in 1918 the wartime government was put in power, Lloyd promised everyone that Germany would pay the full cost of the war.
  • Some wanted to prevent conflict
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18
Q

What was Lloyd George’s Naval aim during the peace talks?

A

Preserve Britian’s Naval supremacy to guard the empire

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19
Q

What was Lloyd George’s aim when it came to trading patterns in the peace talks?

A

Return to old trading patterns with Europe and British empire.

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20
Q

What did Lloyd George aim the balance of power be like in Europe in the Peace talks?

A

He wanted to Re-establish the balance of power in Europe so there was no single power to dominate it.

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21
Q

What did Lloyd George aim the peace treaty to benefit in the peace talks?

A

He aimed for a Moderate peace treaty but in Britian’s interests.

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22
Q

What were Woodrow Wilson’s motives during the peace talks?

A
  • Wanted world peace through international coorperation
  • US enters war in 1917 to fight β€œworld peace”
  • Wanted WW1 to be last war
  • Germany should be punished but not too harshly (fear of extremist groups seizing power and causes revolution like in Russia)
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23
Q

What were WIlson’s 14 points? (remember 7)

A
  1. No secret treaties
  2. No restrictions on ships
  3. No barriers to free trade (quotas, tariffs)
  4. Armaments reduced in all countries
  5. Colonial disputes consider natives interests
  6. German troops out of Russia
  7. Belgium’s independence restored
  8. Alsace & Lorraine back to France
  9. Italian borders adjusted to match peoples nationality
  10. Self-determination in Austro-Hungarian
  11. Romania, Serbia, Montenegro restored; Serbia free sea access
  12. Turkish parts of Ottoman form one country
  13. Independent Poland with sea access
  14. League of Nations formed to guarantee independence
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23
Q

What did Wilson aim to happen to secret treaties?

A

To ban secret treaties as it caused trouble when published.

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24
Q

What did Wilson aim to happen to ship trade?

A

He aimed for there to be no restrictions on ships during peace or wartime.

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25
Q

What did Wilson aim to happen to free trade barriers?

A

For barriers to free trade between countries to be dismantled, as it creates economical power struggles.

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26
Q

What did Wilson aim to happen to armaments?

A

To reduce them to a level that it was only needed for defence but not agression.

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27
Q

What did Wilson aim to happen to colony disputes?

A

For Natives to have a say.

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28
Q

What did Wilson aim to happen to German troops in Russia?

A

For them to leave.

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29
Q

What did Wilson aim to happen to Belgium’s independence?

A

He aimed to restore their independence.

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30
Q

What did Wilson aim to happen to Alsace and Lorraine?

A

For it to be returned to France.

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31
Q

What did Wilson aim to happen to the frontiers of Italy?

A

For the frontiers to be adjusted to people’s nationality.

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32
Q

What did Wilson aim for different ethnic groups to be given in Austria-Hungary?

A

Self-determination.

33
Q

What did Wilson aim to happen with Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro?

A

For them to be restored, and for Serbia to be given sea access.

34
Q

What did Wilson aim to happen to Turkish parts of the Ottoman empire?

A

Give turkish parts of Ottoman empire their own country, and allow other nationalities to do so too.

35
Q

What did Wilson aim to happen to Poland?

A

For them to be given independence and sea access.

36
Q

What did Wilson aim to create in order for independence and secure borders?

A

The League of Nations.

37
Q

What were Clemenceau’s motives during the peace talks?

A
  • Germany invaded Alsace Lorraine twice in 1870 and 1914
  • France has no land border between Germany
  • France has no land border with Germany (natural)
  • Most French people apparently wanted to blame Germany.
38
Q

What did Clemenceau aim for France to be safe from?

A

A third invasion by Germany.

39
Q

What did Clemenceau want to happen with Alsace Lorraine?

A

For it to be returned to France.

40
Q

How high reparations did Clemenceau aim for Germany to pay?

A

High reparations, on time.

41
Q

What did Clemenceau want to happen to Germany’s army, navy, and airforce?

A

Their disarmament.

42
Q

What were the two river zones Clemenceau want changes to?

A

Saarland (around river saar) [to own], and Rhineland (around river Rhine) [buffer zone]

43
Q

Why did Clemenceau aim to have the Rhineland?

A

To be independent as a buffer zone between France and Germany

44
Q

What did Clemenceau aim for when it came to some Germany colonies?

A

He wanted some of them to be handed to France.

45
Q

What animal was Clemenceau represented as? Why?

A

A tiger due to his aggressive style in debates.

46
Q

Define diktat.

A

A treaty or other agreement which has not been negotiated with defeated.

47
Q

Define commission.

A

A kind of committee, a small group of officials who together investigate an issue or dispute and then produces a report with conclusions.

48
Q

Define Demilitariation.

A

An area of land which no soldiers and weapons are permitted.

49
Q

Define plebiscite.

A

A popular vote on a specific question. These arent usually held on the ordinary business of governments (left up to the country’s government and parliament), but on major decisions such as rewriting the constitution.

50
Q

Define constitution.

A

The main set of laws by which a country is governed, it sets out the powers of the government and the rights and freedom of the individual.

51
Q

What does Article 231 state?

A

That Germany and the other Central Powers had to accept full responsibility for the war in 1914, therefore having to pay money and goods to Britain.

52
Q

Where was the sum of money Germany had to pay agreed?

A

Not at the peace conference, but a reparations commission.

53
Q

What was the final peace treaty called?

A

The treaty of Versailles.

54
Q

What were the reparations Germany had to pay according to the treaty of Versailles?

A

6.6 billion pounds.

55
Q

When were the terms of the treaty of Versailles changed to help Germany’s situation?

A

1929.

56
Q

When was the treaty of Versailles signed?

A

June 28 1919.

57
Q

How many soldiers was Germany limited to in the Treaty of Versailles?

A

100,000.

58
Q

What was Germany excluded from in the treaty of Versailles?

A

The arms trade.

59
Q

What was Germany limited from holding in the Treaty of Versailles?

A

The type and quantity of weapons

60
Q

Which weapons were Germany prevented from making in the Treaty of Versailles?

A

Chemical weapons, armored cars, and tanks.

61
Q

What happened to Germany’s airforce in the treaty of Versailles?

A

They lost their airforce!

62
Q

How many battleships was Germany limited to in the treaty of Versailles?

A

6.

63
Q

What happened to conscription in Germany after the treaty of Versailles?

A

Conscription was banned and soldiers had to volunteer.

64
Q

What was the Germany union forbidden according to the TOV?

A

The uniting with Austria (Anschluss)

65
Q

Who was Alsace Lorraine given to in the TOV?

A

France.

66
Q

What was the new Government in Germany?

A

The Weimar Republic.

67
Q

What was Danzig in the treaty of Versailles?

A

A free city run by the League of Nations.

68
Q

According to the TOV, when would Germany be allowed to join the League of Nations?

A

When it proved itself to be a peaceful country.

69
Q

What was the league of Nations?

A

An organisation to include representatives from all countries, and prevent disputes between countries and prevent war.

70
Q

What was the one place Germany was allowed to keep according to the TOV?

A

The Rhineland.

71
Q

What happened to the Rhineland according to the TOV?

A

It was demilitarized: Allies occupied it for 15 years.

72
Q

How was East Prussia cut off from Germany?

A

Poland was given a kind of corridor the Baltic sea which cut East Prussia from Germany.

73
Q

What happened to the territory Germany took from Russia in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, according to the TOV?

A

Split into Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia - made independent, though Germany had taken the area from Russia under the treaty of Brest-Litvosk in 1918.

74
Q

What was the Farmland given to Poland in the TOV?

A

Rich farmland was given to Poland From West Prussia and Posen

75
Q

What was given to Lithuania according to the TOV?

A

A small amount of East Prussia given to Lithuania.

76
Q

What was given to Belgium according to the TOV?

A

Eupen and Malmedy given to Belgium

77
Q

What were the coalfields given to France according to the TOV? How long?

A

Saar coalfieds given to France for 15 years.

78
Q

Which colonies did which country lose according to the TOV?

A

ALL OF THEM. GERMANY.

79
Q

What was given to Denmark according to the TOV?

A

North Schleswig to Denmark.

80
Q

What land was administered by __ and then annexed by __?

A

Memel was administered by France and then annexed by Lituania

81
Q

Overall, what was the territorial impact of the TOV on Germany?

A

They lost a lot of land.

82
Q

Where was the ToV signed?

A

In the Hall of Mirrors, Palace of Versailles

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