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IGCSEs > Computers πŸ’» | Robotics | 6.2 > Flashcards

Computers πŸ’» | Robotics | 6.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define robotics

A

Robotics is a branch of computer science that
incorporates the design, construction and
operation of robots

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2
Q

Define robot

A

A mechanical device that can carry out tasks normally done by humans

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3
Q

Give examples of areas where robots are used.

A
  • Industry
  • Transport
  • Agriculture
  • Medicine
  • Domestic
  • Entertainment
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4
Q

List some examples of factory robots / functions

A
  • Welding parts together
  • Spray-painting panels on a car
  • Fitting windscreens to cars
  • Cutting out metal partst to a high precision
  • Bottling and labeling plants
  • Warehouses (automatic location of items)
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5
Q

List some examples of domestic robots

A
  • Autonomous floor sweepers
  • Autonomous lawn mower
  • Ironing robots
  • Pool cleaner
  • Automatic window cleaner
  • Entertainment (β€˜friend’ robots)
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6
Q

List some examples of how robotics can be used in drones

A
  • Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are drones that are either remotely controlled or totally autonomous using embedded systems
  • Can be used in reconnaisance
  • Can be used to make parcel deliveries
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of a robot?

A
  1. Ability to sense their surroundings
  2. Have a degree of movement
  3. Programmable
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8
Q

How do robots have an ability to sense their surroundings?

A

Via sensors, which determine the physical environment and sends data to microprocessors

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9
Q

How do robots use mechanical structures to have a degree of movement?

A

They can make use of motors, wheels, cogs, pistons, gears, etc., to carry out fuctions such as turning, twisting, moving backwards/forwards, gripping, lifting

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10
Q

Define autonomous

A

Able to operate independently without any human input

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11
Q

Define controller

A

A microprocessor that is in control of a process

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12
Q

What makes a robot programmable?

A

The controller - which determines the action to be taken to perform acertain task, and is also programmable

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13
Q

Do all robots have AI?

A

No. Many do repetitive tasks

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14
Q

What are the two types of physical robots?

A

Independent and Dependent

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15
Q

Describe an independent robot

A
  • Has no direct human control
  • Can replace the human activity completely
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16
Q

Describe a dependent robot

A
  • Has a human directly interacting with the robot
  • Can supplement rather than totally replace the human activity
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17
Q

What are the two ways that a robot is programmed in industrial applications?

A
  1. Wth a sequence of instructions allowing it to carry out the tasks
  2. A human operator either guiding a robot arm, each movement stores; or a worker’s movements stored and replicated by a robot
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18
Q

What are the advantages of robots in industry?

A
  • Capable of working in conditions hazardous for humans
  • Work 24/7 without need to stop
  • Less expensive in the long run
  • More productive than humans
  • More consistent
  • Better suited to boring repetitive tasks than humans
  • Less costs in heating and lighting
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19
Q

What are the disadvantages of robots in industry?

A
  • Robots may find it difficult to do non-standard tasks
  • Leads to higher unemployment
  • Risk of deskilling when robots take over certain taks
  • Factories can be moved anywhere in the world where operation costs are lower, leading to unemployment and explotation
  • Expensive to buy and set up
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20
Q

What are robots used for in transport?

A

To create automated vehicles

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21
Q

What are the advantages of autonomous vehicles?

A
  • Safer since human error is removed; fewer accidents
  • Better for environments due to higher efficiency
  • Reduced traffic congestion
  • Increased lane capacity
  • Reduced travel times
  • Stress-free parking
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22
Q

What are the disadvantages of autonomous vehicles?

A
  • Very expensive due to high tech requirements
  • Fear of hacking into the control system
  • Security and safety issues; fear of glitches
  • The need to maintain the system well, keeping sensors clean
  • Driver and passenger reluctance
  • Unemployment if there are less taxis
  • Many philosophical moral dilemnas
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23
Q

What is the system autonomous trains make use of?

A

LiDaR

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24
Q

Define LiDaR

A

A contraction of light detection and ranging; the use of lasers to build up a 3D image of surroundings

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25
Q

What are the advantages of autonomous trains?

A
  • Improves train puncutality
  • Reduced running costs
  • Improved safety
  • Minimised energy consumption
  • Increased frequency of trains
  • Easier to change train scheduling
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26
Q

What are the disadvantages of autonomous trains?

A
  • Ever-present fear of hacking into control system
  • System doesnt work well with very busy services
  • High capital and operational costs
  • Ensuring good passenger behavioris acceptable in busy times
  • Passenger relucatance
  • No drivers; need for CCTV
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27
Q

What are some features that autonomous airplanes may have?

A
  • Sensors to detect turbulence to ensure smooth flight
  • Increase in self-testing of all circuits and systems
  • Sensors to automatically detect depressurisation in cabin
  • Use of GPS for navigation and speed calculations
  • Use of actuators to control wings, throttle, flaps
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28
Q

What are the advantages of pilotless airplanes?

A
  • Improves passenger comfort
  • Reduced running costs
  • Improved safety
  • Improves aerodynamics at front; no cockpit
29
Q

What are the disadvantages of pilotless airplanes?

A
  • Inability to handle terrorism
  • Emergency situations tough to handle
  • Hacking into system fear
  • Passenger reluctance
  • Software glitches
30
Q

List five areas where robotics could play a big role in agriculture?

A
  • Harvesting/picking of vegetables and fruit
  • Weed control
  • Phenotyping - plant growth and health
  • Seed-planting and fertiliser distribution
  • Autonomous labour-saving devices
31
Q

How can robots be beneficial in harvesting and picking?

A
  • More accurate
  • Faster at harvesting
  • Only pick crops that are ripe
32
Q

How can robots be beneficial in weed control?

A
  • Distinguishing between weeds and crops using AI
  • Use of GPS allows them to stay on course
  • More accurate
33
Q

Define phenotyping

A

The process of observing the physical characteristics of a plant to assess its health and growth

34
Q

What are the benefits of phenotyping?

A
  • Sensors that create 3D images help with monitoring plant health and growth
  • Machine learning allows it to recognise issues with leaves
  • More accurate and faster than manual
35
Q

What are the benefits of seed-planting drones?

A
  • Drones provide and aerial image of a farm, sending a bird’s eye view to the farmer
  • Allows seed-planting to be done more efficiently
  • More efficient fertiliser-spreading
  • Drones can add silver iodide crystals to a cloud forcing it to give up rainwater
36
Q

List some of the devices that can be used in automated agriculture.

A
  • Grass mowers/cutters
  • Weeding, pruning, and harvesting robots
  • Seeding robots
  • Fertiliser spraying
37
Q

List examples in medicine where robots are used.

A
  • Surgical procedures
  • Monitoring patients
  • Disinfecting rooms
  • Taking blood samples
  • Target theraphy
  • Prosthetic limbs
38
Q

What are the benefits of using robots in surgical procedures?

A
  • Safer
  • Quicker
  • Less costly
39
Q

What are the benefits of the use of robots in blood sampling?

A
  • Less painful as the robot is better at determining a good vein
  • Safer to doctors and nurses if the patient has an infectious disease
  • Doctors and nurses can be freed up to do more skilled work
40
Q

How are robots used in target therapy?

A

Microbots use microscopic mechanical components to localise a drug or other therapy to target a specific site causing less damage to surrounding tissue

41
Q

List some examples of domestic robots

A
  • Autonomous vacuum cleaners
  • Autonomous grass cutters
  • Personal assisstants
42
Q

What are the benefits of auto vacuum cleaners and autonomous grass cutters?

A
  • Use of proximity sensors and cameras to avoid bumping into obstacles
  • Automatic
  • User can program the device
43
Q

What are personal assistants?

A

Tobots controlled by a microprocessor the uses cloud connectivity and understands voice controls, and uses an HD camera to navigate a room and recognise faces

44
Q

What are two areas where robots are used in entertainment?

A
  • Entertainment parks and areas
  • Film and TV industry
45
Q

How are robots used in theme parks?

A

Robots may dress as cartoon characters to interact with visitors and entertain them

46
Q

How are robots used in music festivals?

A
  • Robotic methods control lighting
  • Visual effects
  • Animation
47
Q

How are robots used in filming?

A
  • To control cameras and keep them steady
  • Humanoid robots to perform stunts
  • Producing special effects with precision
48
Q

Define AI

A

Artificial Intelligence is a branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behaviours by computers

49
Q

Describe the main characteristics of AI

A
  • The collection of data and the rules for using the data
  • The ability to reason
  • The ability to learn and adapt
50
Q

What are the two types of AI?

(in our syllabus because thats all we should care about)

A
  • Expert system
  • Machine learning
51
Q

Define expert system

A

A form of AI that has been developed to mimic human knowledge and experiences

52
Q

What are the advantages of an expert system?

A
  • High expertise
  • High accuracy
  • Consistent results
  • Ability to store vast amount of ideas and facts
  • Tracable logical solutions
  • Can have multiple expertise
  • Fast response times
  • Unbiased
53
Q

What are the disadvantages of expert systems?

A
  • Users need considerabl training for proper usage
  • High maintainence and setup costs
  • Can give β€˜cold’ responses
  • Only as good as the information in the systems
  • Users may assume they are infallible
54
Q

What are the parts of an expert system?

A
  • User interface
  • Inference engine
  • Knowledge base
  • Rules base
55
Q

What is a User interface in an expert system?

A

Method by which the expert system interacts with a user

56
Q

How does a user interface usually work in an expert system?

A
  • Through dialogue boxes, command prompts, other input methods
  • Questions usually only have yes/no answers
57
Q

Define inference engine

A

A kind of search engine used in an expert system which examines the knowledge base for information that matches the queries

58
Q

How does an inference engine work in an expert system?

A
  • Examining the knowledge base for information which matches the queries
  • Gathers information from the user allowing each question asked to be based on the previous answers
59
Q

Define inference rules

A

Rules used by the inference engine and in expert systems to draw conclusions using IF statements

60
Q

Define knowledge base

A

A repository of facts which is a collection of objects and attributes

61
Q

A knowledge base consists of … and their …

A

objects and their attributes

62
Q

What is a rules base?

A

A set of inference rules used by the inference engine to draw conclusions, following logical thinking

63
Q

Define object

A

An item stored in the knowledge base

64
Q

Define attribute

A

Something that deffines the objects stored in a knowledge base

65
Q

From where is information gathered for an expert system?

A

From human experts or from written sources, used to populate the knowledge base

66
Q

What things have to be set up before an expert system is released?

A
  • Populating knowledge base
  • Creating rules base
  • Setting up inference engine
  • Developing UI
  • Testing system fully
67
Q

Define machine learning

A

A sub-set of AI in which algorithms are trained and learn from past experiences and examples

68
Q

What is the difference between AI and Machine Learning?

A
  • AI represents simulated human intellingence im machines
  • Machine learning is the practice of getting machiens to make decisions without being programmed to do so

IGCSEs (68 decks)

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