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IGCSEs > History ⏳ | The crisis in Cuba πŸ›‘ | 5.2 > Flashcards

History ⏳ | The crisis in Cuba πŸ›‘ | 5.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the Platt ammendment?

A

A treaty between the U.S. and Cuba that attempted to protect Cuba’s independence from foreign intervention, while permitting extensive U.S. involvement in Cuban international and domestic affairs for the enforcement of Cuban independence.

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2
Q

When did the USA get effective control over Cuba?

A

1898

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3
Q

How did the USA get effective control over Cuba?

A

They defeated the Spanish in a short war

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4
Q

What resources did the USA have in Cuba after they got control over it?

A
  • American businesses had taken over trade on the island
  • They owned much of the land and natural wealth
  • Sugar industries
  • Oil industries
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5
Q

When did the USA start to support Batista?

A

1933

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6
Q

Who was Batista?

A

A ruthless, corrupt, unpopular dictator supported by the USA in Cuba

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7
Q

How many Cubans did Batista kill in 6 years?

A

Batista killed 20,000 Cubans in 6 years

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8
Q

When was Batista overthrown?

A

1959

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9
Q

Who overthrew Batista?

A

Fidel Castro

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10
Q

Who came to power along with Fidel Castro?

A
  • His brother Raul Castro
  • The famous Che Guevara
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11
Q

Who was Fidel Castro?

A

The leader of the 1959 Cuban revolution, a follower of Karl Marx and a communist

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12
Q

Who was the Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A

Khruschev

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13
Q

Who was the American leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A

John F. Kennedy

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14
Q

When did Khruschev and Eisenhower first meet?

A

1955

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15
Q

Why were there a lot of tensions leading up to the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A
  • Developing of the arms race and spy networks
  • The U2 incident
  • The Berlin Wall
  • The Space Race
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16
Q

What technology had the USSR developed in 1957?

A
  • The first satellite into space: Sputnik
  • The development of long range nuclear weapons
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17
Q

What technology had the USA developed in 1959?

A

Polaris missiles which could be launched from submarines

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18
Q

Define Mutually Assured Destruction

A

The idea that nobody would start a nuclear war because it wpould ensure that both sides are destroyed

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19
Q

After the Cuban revolution, what allowances did Castro give the USA?

A
  • He let them keep their base at Guantanamo Bay
  • He guarranteed the safety of Americans in Cuba
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20
Q

After the Cuban revolution, what did Castro do to show freedom from the USA?

A
  • A trade agreement with Moscow in which weapons were recieved
  • Nationalisation of $1 billion of American investments in Cuba
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21
Q

When was the trade agreement between Moscow and Cuba?

A

1960

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22
Q

What did the USA do in response to the Cuban revolution?

A
  • Eisenhower started a trade embargo, which included sugar - Cuba’s most valuable export
  • The USA announced it would not buy oil from Cuba
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23
Q

How did the USSR respond to the embargos the USA put on Cuba after the revolution?

A
  • The USSR agreed to buy sugar from Cuba after Eisenhower started an embargo on it
  • The USSR bought oil once it was announced the USA wouldn’t buy oil
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24
Q

Define CIA

A

The USA intelligence organisation with the mission to collect, evaluate, and share intelligence relating to national security

Central Intelligence Agency

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25
Q

When was the CIA founded?

A

1947

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26
Q

What Operation did the USA respond to the closeness of Cuba and the USSR with?

A

The Bay of Pigs

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27
Q

What was the intended outcome of the Bay of Pigs?

A

To destroy communism in Cuba, by invading the island and overthrowing Castro

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28
Q

When was the Bay of Pigs?

A

April 17th 1961

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29
Q

How many people did the USA invade Cuba with?

What group of people were they?

A

1500 Cuban-born mercanaries

30
Q

How many people did Castro have to defend from the Bay of Pigs?

What support did they have?

A

20,000 soldiers supported by Soviet tanks

31
Q

When was the Bay of Pigs?

A

17 Apr - 19 Apr 1961

32
Q

When did the Cuban exiles land in the Bay of Pigs?

A

17 Apr 1961

33
Q

When did Castro call for Cubans to defend against the Bay of Pigs?

A

18 Apr 1961

34
Q

After the Bay of Pigs what happened to the Cuban exiles?

A

Castro sent the exiles back to Miami in exchange for millions of dollars in food and medicine

35
Q

How did the Geography of Cuba cause the Bay of Pigs to fail?

A

The USA thought nobody would be in the area they chose to invade because the exiles had told them it was badly built up, but in reality it was transformed with hospitals schools and roads after the revolution

36
Q

What misconceptions about Cuban people caused the Bay of Pigs to fail?

A
  • The USA believed Castro was unpopular and that people would join in on fighting back but they were wrong
  • They thought Cuba was poorly armed when in reality it was heavily supported
37
Q

When was the introduction of nuclear weapons to Cuba decided?

A

Summer 1962

38
Q

Why did Khruschev want to introduce nuclear weapons on Cuba?

A

He wanted to counter the strategic nuclear weapons the USA had placed in Italy and Turkey, which were so close to the USSR that little response time was possible if launched

39
Q

How far away was the place Khruschev wanted to place nuclear weapons on Cuba from the USA?

A

90 miles from the USA’s eastern coast

40
Q

When did Kennedy warn the USSR that he would prevent the placement of nuclear weapons on Cuba β€˜by any means necessary’?

A

September 1962

41
Q

How did Khruschev respond to Kennedy’s warning about placing nuclear weapons on Cuba?

A

He lied, saying he wouldn’t place the weapons.

42
Q

When did the U2 spy plane fly over Cuba and take pictures of missile silos?

A

14 Oct 1962

43
Q

What team did Kennedy form to respond to the proof of the U2 spyplane?

A

Be formed a special team called Ex-comm to provide him with advice

44
Q

How many soviet ships were carrying nuclear missiles to Cuba?

A

20 Soviet ships

45
Q

What were the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis on this day?

21 October 1962

A

USA informed Britain about the discovery of missile silos. Kennedy broke the news in a TV address to the nation.

46
Q

What were the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis on this day?

22 October 1962

A

Kennedy ordered a navel blcokade of Cuba. Khruschev publicly denied that there were missiles on Cuba

47
Q

What were the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis on this day?

23 October 1962

A

Khruschev sent a letter stating that Soviet ships would attempt to sail through the USA blockade

48
Q

What were the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis on this day?

24 October 1962

A

Soviet ships carrying warheads turned back before the USA blockade. However, some missiles and warheads made it to Cuba before the blockade was in place. The USA threatened an invasion; Castro called for a nuclear strike from the USSR

49
Q

What were the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis on this day?

25 October 1962

A

There was a clash in the UN between *Adlai Stevenson *and Valerian Zorin, in which Stevenson provided photographic reconnaissance pictures of the missile sites proving the Soviets were lying

50
Q

What were the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis on this day?

26 October 1962

A

Khruschev’s first offer was made in a letter to Kennedy: The missiles would be withdrawn if the USA promised not to invade Cuba

This was the first Soviet admission that the missiles existed in Cuba

51
Q

What were the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis on this day?

26 October 1962

A

Khruschev’s first offer was made in a letter to Kennedy: The missiles would be withdrawn if the USA promised not to invade Cuba

This was the first Soviet admission that the missiles existed in Cuba

52
Q

What were the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis on this day?

27 October 1962

A
  • U2 spy plane was shot down in Kuba and pilot killed
  • Kennedy urged to start invasion but he delays it
  • Khruschev made a second offer in another letter, demanding that the USA removes missiles from Turkey in exchange for the removal of the Cuban missiles
  • Kennedy responds to Khruschev’s first offer and ignores the second
  • Robert Kennedy meets with USSR abassador Anatoly Dobrynin
53
Q

Who was the UN clash between?

A

Adlai Stevenson and Valerian Zorin

54
Q

On the 27 October, which two individuals met?

A

Robert Kennedy and Anatoly Dobrynin

55
Q

What was the result of the meeting on 27 October 1962?

A

No official deal would be done but the USA would guarrantee not to invade Cuba again and remove Turkish missiles in the β€˜near future’. The USSR couldn’t reveal that this was done in exchange for the removal of Cuban missiles.

56
Q

What were the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis on this day?

28 October 1962

A

Khruschev accepted the terms ending the crisis

57
Q

What were the five realistic options Kennedy had in the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A
  1. Don’t react
  2. Surgical air attack
  3. Invasion by the US army
  4. Use diplomacy
  5. Blockade
58
Q

Discuss Kennedy’s option to not react

A

The USA had more nuclear weapons and the Turkish site gave them the same advantage. Due to Mutually Assured Destruction nothing had really changed. However this would be a sign of weakness after the Bay of Pigs.

59
Q

Discuss Kennedy’s option of surgical air attack

A

He could have aerially destroyed the Cuban missile silos. However, Soviet engineers would be killed and if one silo remvained it could still be used to counter attack

60
Q

Discuss Kennedy’s option to invade with the US army

A

It would remove the missiles and communism altogether. However a similar Soviet response would be expected.

61
Q

Discuss Kennedy’s option to use diplomacy

A

The UN could provide a form for discussions but this may not have been possible since Khruschev was denying the existence of the missiles. It may look weak after Bay of Pigs.

62
Q

Discuss Kennedy’s option of blockade

A

It could prevent warheads arriving and avoid hot war. However, it may trigger a similar Soviet response (berlin blockade 2.0?). Some missiles were already in Cuba

63
Q

Which option did Kennedy choose during the Cuban Missile Crisis and why?

A

He chose a blockade as it struck a balance between apppearing weak and using violence

63
Q

Which option did Kennedy choose during the Cuban Missile Crisis and why?

A

He chose a blockade as it struck a balance between apppearing weak and using violence

64
Q

Who succeeded Khruschev?

A

Leonid Brezhnev

65
Q

Why did Leonid Brezhnev take power?

A

He did not feel the Cuban missile crisis was a triumph for the USSR so he garnered power and deposed Khruschev

66
Q

When was the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed?

A

August 1963

67
Q

What was the nuclear Test Ban Treaty?

A

A treaty where the USA and the USSr both promised not to test any more nuclear weapons.

68
Q

When was Kennedy assasinated?

A

November 1963

69
Q

Who succeeded Kennedy?

A

Lyndon Baines Johnson

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