History ⏳ | Germany Depth: Rise of the Nazis 🍷 | 6.2a Flashcards
What was the nazi party (NSDAP) originally called?
The DAP
German worker’s party
Who founded the DAP?
Anton Drexler, railroad worker in Munich
How did the DAP turn into the Nazi party?
Adolf Hitler joined the party, and was put in charge of propaganda & political ideas of the party.
When did Hitler join the DAP?
1919
When was the DAP renamed to the NSDAP?
1920
When was the 25-point program issued?
1920
What was the 25 point program?
Points drawn up by Hitler as a vision of a “perfect Germany”. It was based on nationalism, and full of anti-Semitism. It was the basis of the NSDAP’s beliefs
What did the NSDAP’s 25 points say about religion?
“We demand freedom of religion for all religious denominations within the state so long as they do not endanger its existence or oppose the moral senses of the Germanic race”
Basically, freedom of religion unless we dont like u
What did the NSDAP’s 25 points say about territory and land?
“We demand land and teritory to feed our people and settle our surplus population”
Basically, the idea of Lebensraum
What did the NSDAP’s 25 points say about self-determination?
“We demand the union of all Germans in a greater Germany on the basis of the right of self-determination”
Basically, the justification for Anschluss
What did the NSDAP’s 25 points say about citizenship?
“Only members of the nation may be citizens of the state. Only those of German blood, whatever their creed, may be members of the nation. Accordingly, no Jew may be a member of the nation”
Basically, their kind way of saying ‘Jews go shoo’
What did the NSDAP’s 25 points say about private businesses?
“We demand the nationalisation of all businesses that have been formed into corporation”
Basically, socialism (kinda)
What quality of Hitler created a lot of support for the Nazis?
Hitler was an inspirational speaker, with a lot of charisma
How did Hitler stir up audiences using his charisma?
- He gave Germans scapegoats for their problems and reason for German superiority
- Hitler moved the blame off of the Germans, by talking about how the Jews and the November criminals were to blame for their problems and the economic crisises within Germany.
- He elevated his listeners to a superior, Aryan race
When did Hitler take leadership of the Nazis?
July 29 1921
When was the SA introduced?
1921
When Hitler took control of the Nazi party, what actions did he take?
- Setting up the SA
- Introducing the Swastika
- Buying the Munich newspaper Volkischer Beobachter
- Introducing the Heil Hitler salute
What does the SA stand for?
Sturm Abteilung
What was the purpose of the SA in early years?
(1921 ish)
- Dealing with violence that appeared at Nazi meetings when opposition parties stormed in
- Protecting leading Nazis
- Uh, distrupting political opponents in their meetings
Who did the SA originally consist of?
Ex-soldiers and the unemployed, often untrained
Who was Franz Von Saloman?
The leader of the SA from 1925
What does the SS stand for?
Schutzstaffel
spelling is important.
When was the SS introduced?
1925
What was the purpose of the SS?
- Being Hitler’s personal bodyguards
- Being better (better trained and more experienced) than the SA
Originally, the SS was just a ___ of the SA
Originally, the SS was just a small subdivision of the SA
Who took over and expanded the SS?
Himmler
When did Himmler take over the SS?
1929
What qualities were SS members selected upon?
Racial purity and blind obedience
How many SS members were there by 1933?
35,000
The Munich Putsch is also known as the ___
Beer Hall Putsh
When was the Beer Hall Putsch?
Nov 8 - Nov 9 1923
What was the goal of the Munich Putsch?
To seize power in Bavaria with the Nazis
Who was the popular figurehead Hitler planned to use in the Munich Putsch?
Erich Ludendorff
How many Nazi members were there in 1923?
20,000
Who was Ludendorff?
A popular right-wing WW1 general
Who did Hitler need the support of in order for the Munich Putsch to be successful?
The Bavarian State Government:
- Gustav Von Kahr
- General Otto Von Lossow
Who was General Otto von Lossow?
The Bavarian army commander
Who was Gustav von Kahr?
An extreme conservative Bavarian who was appointed due to a state of emergency
Why was a state of emergency declared in Bavaria?
(1923)
After the Ruhr passive resistance ended, there were cries of betrayal
How did Hitler start the Munich Putsch?
Von Kahr was giving a speech in a beer hall. Hitler entered and declared a “national revolution”
Did Kahr and Lossow support Hitler?
- Hitler approached them but they backed away from the plan
- They were temporarily ‘convinced’ to support Hitler, publically announcing the fact
- Later however, they riled up the army
What did Ludendorff do during the Munich Putsch?
He was able to convince von Kahr and Lossow to publically announce support for Hitler
How did Hitler use force in the Beer hall Putsch?
Men from the SA surrounded the building
What mistakes were made in the Munich Putsch that led to its failure?
- Hitler left the Beer hall in order to oversee clashes between the SA and the German army elsewhere in Munich, but he was maintaining order
- Ludendorff allowed the politicians to leave the Beer Hall, but they immediately renounced their support when they realised what was happening.
How was the Munich Putsch stopped?
Von Kahr and Lossow had betrayed Hitler; They alerted the police and army
Where was Hitler’s Munich Putsch stopped?
Odeonsplatz
How many Nazis were killed at Odeonsplatz?
16 nazis
What happened to Hitler and Ludendorff After the Munich Putsch?
- Hitler arrested for 5 years
- Ludendorff acquitted
How did Hitler being imprisoned help him become well known out of Bavaria?
He made a nationalistic speech that painted the events of the Putsch as good for the country.
His trial became very popular and was a way for him to get out his speeches.
When was Hitler given judgement in the Munich Trials?
Apr 1 1924
In 1924, how did the Nazis do in the elections?
Seats, and % of vote
32 seats in the Reichstag
6.5% of the vote
When was Hitler released from prison?
Dec 1924
What did Hitler write in prison?
The Mein Kampf
What was Mein Kampf?
The autobiagraphical book writen by Hitler that outlined his anti-semetic ideas and the future of Germany
Why was Hitler released early from prison?
“Good behaviour” - the judges were sympathetic
Why was Hitler released early from prison?
The right-wing judges were sympathetic towards Hitler
After the Munich Putsch, what was Hitler’s new strategy for bringing the Nazis to power?
To win via democracy. Outvote the others, and play within the constitution.
Where was the Nazi party based in?
In Munich
How was the Nazi party funded?
Hitler and the Nazis recieved lavish donations from wealthy businessmen, both German and from abroad.
When was the Bamburg conference?
1926
What was Führerprinzip?
The ‘Leader Principal’, establishing absolute control for all Nazi party members: they had to completely follow Hitler’s instructions
Where was Führerprinzip set up?
The Bamburg Conference
Who was in charge of nazi propaganda?
Joseph Goebbels
What impact did the wall street crash have on Germany?
- US loans to Germany stopped
- There was no market for selling German goods
When did the bank Credit-Anstaldt collapse?
1931
What effect did the collapse of Credit-Anstaldt have on Germany?
It had a knock-on effect on German banks, worsening the depression crisis.
How high was unemployment in 1929?
1.4 million unemployed
How high was unemployment in 1933?
6 million unemployed
Who did Goebbels’ propaganda target?
Businessmen, farmers, women, soldiers
They were specifically pulling on each groups’ heartstrings
Who were used as scapegoats in Goebbels’ propaganda?
Communists and Jews
What was the strategy used by Goebbels in his propaganda?
Appeal to feelings rather than rational judgement.
By what methods did Goebbels use propaganda to exploit the distress after the Wall Street Crash?
Goebbels used cinema and radio to spread the Nazi message, using simple and effective slogans that emphasised Hitler as the man who would save Germany.
How did Hitler use speeches to exploit the distress after the Wall Street Crash?
- He gave speeches to the countryside to talk about problems facing farmers
- In the city he talked about unemployment
- He trained party members to deliver specific messages that appealed to many different audiences
How many party members were trained by 1933 to deliver speeches?
6000 members
How did Hitler use political violence to exploit the distress after the Wall Street Crash?
- Rohm returned to expand the numbers of the SA
- They beat up communists
- They distrupted KPD meetings
When did Rohm return to lead the SA?
1931
How many members did the SA have in 1932?
425,000
over 4x the army
What was the family that led the bank Credit-Anstaldt?
The Rothschild family. They were Jewish.
I wonder how Hitler exploited this…
How many people died in the 1932 KPD Nazi street fights?
82 people
When were there many deaths streetfighting in Berlin?
1932
Who were the four chancellors Germany had between 1930-33?
- Heinrich Brüning
- Von Papen
- Von Schleicher
!~~Adolf Hitler~~!
Who was president of Germany in 1932-33?
Paul von Hindenburg
Who was Heinrich Brüning?
Which party was he in?
The Leader of the center party who was Chancellor from 1930-1932
Why was Heinrich Brüning unpopular?
He cut government spending and increased taxes, which reduced German debt but…
He had little Reichstag support and was very unpopular
What did people who disliked Heinrich Brüning call him?
The ‘Hunger Chancellor’
How did Heinrich Brüning rule when he was unpopular?
He made use of -gasp- article 48
What did Heinrich Brüning ban during his time as chancellor?
The SA.
Using article 48
REPEAT FLASHCARD
What did Heinrich Brüning ban during his time as chancellor?
The SA.
Using article 48
Who was Franz Von Papen?
A centre party aristrocrat, and an officer and diplomat in WW1 who eventually was German Chancellor for a short period
What were Von Papen’s policies during his time as Chancellor?
- Trying to bring Nazis into the government
- Advising Hindenburg
- Lifting the ban on the SA
Who was von Schleicher?
A general and political adviser to Hindenburg who was German chancellor for a short period
What did von Schleicher do during his time as Chancellor?
- Try to get the Nazis to have an internal split, forcing Hitler to join his party
- Be a “strong man” for Germany
Significant events in Hitler’s path to Chancellor
In July 1932
- Hitler demanded to be Chancellor, but Hindenburg refused
- Von Papen was allowed to continue being Chancellor
When was Von Papen appointed Chancellor ?
Like, the dates
June 1932
Significant events in Hitler’s path to Chancellor
In Nov 1932
- Von Papen loses popularity and resigns
- The Nazis lose some seats in the Reichstag due to street fights
How did Schleicher try to split up the Nazis?
Knowing that some Nazi members preferred the Strasser brothers to Hitler, he offered Gregor Strasser the role of vice-channcellor to give Hitler’s authority some challenge.
Significant events in Hitler’s path to Chancellor
In Dec 1932
- Von Schleicher is chosen as Chancellor
- Article 48 was used to help run the country when there wasn’t Reichstag support
- Hitler condemned Strasser
How did Schleicher’s plan fail?
Hitler attacked Strasser’s disloyalty and won support of the Gauleiters..
Significant events in Hitler’s path to Chancellor
In Jan 1933
- Hindenburg and Von Papen met industrialists and army leaders
- Hitler was made Chancellor though the government had few Nazi ministers
How did Von Papen and Hindenburg plan to control Hitler?
- The government would have few Nazi ministers
- Von Papen would be vice-chancellor, having influence
- There would be many conservative ministers to limit Hitler’s power
What were the two possibilities appointing Hitler as chancellor could have had on Hindenburg?
- Hitler would do well, and the financial crisis would end. Hindenburg, as president could take credit for appointing him
- Hitler would do badly, and the financial crisis would worsen. Nazi support would collapse
It’s a win-win! Nothing could go wrong.
When did Hitler become chancellor?
30 Jan 1933
Nazi votes in 1928 May.
% of votes and seats
2.6%
~~~~~~~~
12 seats
SPD seats in 1928 May.
153 seats
Nazi votes in 1930 Sept.
seats only
107 seats
Nazi votes in 1932 July.
% of votes, and seats
37.3%
~~~~~~~~~
230 seats
Nazi votes in 1932 Nov.
% of votes, and seats
33.1%
~~~~~~~~~
196 seats
The Nazis lost 34 seats
KPD seats in 1932 July
89 seats
KPD seats in 1932 Nov.
100 seats
Nazi votes in 1933 Mar.
% of votes, and seats
43.9%
~~~~~~~~~
288 seats
SPD seats in 1933 Mar.
120 seats
