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IGCSEs > Geography 🌏 || Every Theme 3 Case Study || > Flashcards

Geography 🌏 || Every Theme 3 Case Study || Flashcards

1
Q

What case study is for a TNC?

A

Nike

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2
Q

Where is Nike’s headquarters found?

A

Oregon, USA

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3
Q

What % of the Nike workforce is based in Africa?

A

75%

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4
Q

How many Nike factories are there?

A

About 500

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5
Q

For how long has Nike been working in China?

A

Over 30 years

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6
Q

How many Nike factories are in China?

A

around 146

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7
Q

Why does Nike do a lot of manufacturing in China?

A

Nike is allowed tax benefits and low wages

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8
Q

How does Nike in China affect standard of living?

A

The jobs brought into China by Nike often provide a better standard of living than other local jobs

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9
Q

How does Nike’s partnership with China help China grow?

A

The global partnership between Nike and China continues to go from strength to strength which means that they are likely to keep investing more money in the country. In recent years the Chinese market has become increasingly important to the β€˜Greater China’ brand in Nike.

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10
Q

Which case study is for a country suffering from food shortage?

A

Dafur, Sudan, Africa

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11
Q

What humanitarian challenges does Dafur face?

A
  • Malnutrition
  • Food insecurity
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12
Q

What has caused food insecurity in Dafur?

A
  • Border closure between South Sudan and Sudan
  • High food and fuel prices
  • Disrupted agricultural production due to conflict and displacement
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13
Q

How many refugees from Sudan’s blue Nile and South Kordofan have sought refuge in Unity and Upper Nile states?

A

176,000

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14
Q

How many people have been displaced in south Sudan?

A

170,000

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15
Q

What are some examples of the conflict and displacement affecting Dafur?

A
  • Inte communal flighting
  • Attacks by non state actors
  • Cross border conflict with Sudan
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16
Q

Why did the number of people requiring food assistance in Dafur double in 2012?

A

Erratic rains, insecurity, and border closures

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17
Q

How much did the number of people requiring food assistance increase in 2012?

A

From 1.2 million to 2.4 million

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18
Q

How does the northern Libyan desert contribute to food insecurity in Dafur?

A
  • Hot with constant dry winds
  • 1.5 million people live there in drought
  • Locusts are a threat
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19
Q

Where is Dafur located?

A

Towards the west of Sudan. Dafur also is partially in both South and North Sudan causing conflict

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20
Q

In 2022, how many people in Sudan suffered from acute hunger?

A

12 million

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21
Q

When did Sudan and South Sudan split?

A

2011

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22
Q

How many people did the UN and partners reach between Jan and Sept 2022?

(Sudan floods)

A

9.1 million people

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23
Q

How much money was the World Food Programme given by the UN to help South Sudan?

A

$223M

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24
Q

What does β€œSave The Children - Sudan” do?

A

Creating food security programs, providing seeds and agricultural outputs, goats for milk

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25
Q

What is the case study for an agricultural system?

A

Lower Ganges, India

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26
Q

What type of farming is done in the Lower Ganges, India?

A

Intensive subsistence rice farming

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27
Q

List the inputs into Lower Ganges, India agriculture.

A
  • Monsoon rainfall
  • Anual land flooded
  • Rice seeds
  • Vegetable and fruits
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28
Q

How are fields ploughed in the Lower Ganges, India, and why is it done this way?

A

They use water buffalo to plough fields as farmers cannot afford high tech mechanised equipment

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29
Q

How are fields harvested in Lower Ganghes, India agriculture?

A

Manual labour.

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30
Q

From which river are fields often constructed next to in the Lower Ganges, India?

A

The river Ganges

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31
Q

What is used as fertiliser in the Lower Ganges?

A

Buffalo manure

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32
Q

Describe the physical process of rice growth in the Lower Ganges.

A

A wet paddy, a variety of rice and rich soil is needed. It grows on the silts of the River Ganges. Rice is initially grown in nurseries and then transplanted after the monsoon rains flood the Paddy.

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33
Q

During the dry season what is grown in the Lower Ganges?

A

There is insufficient water so vegetables or cereal crops are grown

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34
Q

What did the green revolution introduce to the Lower Ganges?

A

Tractors, irrigation channels, chemical fertilisers, pesticides

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35
Q

What are the benefits of the green revolution in the Lower Ganges?

A
  • Irrigation channels allow two to three harvests a year instead of one, because of a constant water supply
  • Crop yields increase which leads to higher profits for some farmers
  • Some farmers can grow a variety of cash crops to further increase profit
  • There is less physical work for people because of increased mechanisation
  • The need for machinery and chemicals has created new industries and jobs, eg mechanics to fix tractors
  • Living standards have increased as some farmers have money to buy goods
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36
Q

What are the negative impacts of the green revolution in the Lower Ganges?

A
  • Land is constantly in use so soil quality becomes poorer over time
  • Poorer farmers cannot compete as they can’t grow as many crops without irrigation
  • The poorest farmers are unable to buy chemicals or machines so new technology is of no benefit to them
  • Fewer jobs are available because of mechanisation, leading to increased unemployment
  • Machines are expensive to buy and repair. This can be overcome through co-operatives where machines are shared amongst farmers.
  • Many poorer families still live in extreme poverty as they cannot afford new technology
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37
Q

What is the case study for an industrial zone?

A

Pakistan Steel complex

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38
Q

Where is most of the Pakistan Steel manufactured?

A

Pipri, near Gharo Creek, Flat, cheap land near Port Qasim, which has a natural harbour to import raw materials and export steel

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39
Q

Why did Pakistan start a steel industry?

A

After independence from India they realised they needed an iron and steelmaking insustry to build houses, factories, and infrastructure such as railway lines. Without their own industry they would be paying huge import bills.

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40
Q

When were the first steel factories for Pakistan Steel built?

A

1973

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41
Q

Today how many tonnes of steel does Pakistan Steel produce?

A

1.2 million tonnes

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42
Q

List the inputs to Pakistan Steel Complex

A
  • Iron ore
  • Coke
  • Limestone
  • Scrap iron
  • Water
  • Economic assistance
  • Availability of cheap labour
  • Energy
43
Q

What are the processes in Pakistan Steel Complex?

A
  • Heating of ore to separate iron
  • Burning coke
  • Rolling into sheets and cutting into lengths
44
Q

What are the outputs of Pakistan Steel Complex

A
  • Cast iron and pig iron
  • Slag
  • Gases: sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, hydrogen sulphide
45
Q

From where does Pipri get water for making steel?

A

Lake Haleji

46
Q

From where does Pipri get energy for making steel?

A

Pipri thermal power station and Karachi nuclear power station

47
Q

What % of power does Pipri get from Pipri thermal power station?

48
Q

What % of power does Pipri get from Koranga thermal power station?

49
Q

From where is cheap labor available at Pipri?

50
Q

Describe the importance of Port Qasim for Pakistan Steel.

A
  • Port Qasim has a natural harbor to deal with imports and exports
  • 2.5 km seawater channel is kept navigatable for ships
51
Q

From where is limestone brought to Pipri?

A

From the nearby Makli hills near Thatta

52
Q

Describe the pollution impacts from Pakistan Steel.

A
  • Noise pollution from machinery
  • Visual pollution due to large, ugly factory buildings
  • Air pollution from burning iron ore
  • Water pollution from contaminated cooling water, scrubber effluent and
  • ships supplying raw materials
53
Q

What is the case study for tourism?

54
Q

What is the temperature and hours of sunlight in Jamaica?

A

25 degrees temperature, 10 hours sunlight

55
Q

List some of the attractons in Jamaica.

A
  • Island hopping using aircrafts
  • Snorkeling
  • Deep sea diving
  • Plantation houses turned museums
  • Negril Marine Park
  • Large biodiversity
56
Q

What are the positive impacts of tourism on Jamaica?

A
  • GDP increase
  • Employment increase
  • Development of infrastructure an services
57
Q

How much has GDP increased in Jamaica?

58
Q

What % of Jamaicans are employed in tourism?

59
Q

How much spending do tourists contribute per year in Jamaica?

60
Q

List the negative impacts of tourism in Jamaica.

A
  • Inappropriate behavior
  • Tourists use more resources
  • Loss of heritage
  • Funds leaked to other countries
  • Locals get low pay jobs, higher for expats.
61
Q

What % of people were laid off in the off season in Jamaica?

62
Q

Give an example of a hotel that leaked funds in Jamaica to other countries.

A

Hotel Moon Palace Jamaica.

63
Q

What type of music was lost to popular western trends in Jamaica?

A

Reggae music

64
Q

What are some of the concerns to the natural environment in Jamaica due to tourism?

A
  • Traffic congestion and air pollution near Montego Bay area
  • Air traffic due to the Montego Bay International Airport 56km fro Negril Bay
  • Power stations are polluting more
  • Overfishing
65
Q

Which power station in Jamaica is polluting more?

A

Rockfort Power Station

66
Q

Where is there overfishing in Jamaica?

A

Negril Bay Area

67
Q

Give examples of national parks created in Jamaica

A

Cockpit country or marine protected areas like Montego Bay

68
Q

What is the entrance fee to a national park in Jamaica?

69
Q

How many endemic bird species are there in Jamaica?

A

27 (being conserved)

70
Q

List some ways the environment been managed in Jamaica.

A
  • National Parks with entrance fees
  • Conservation of many flora and fauna
  • Ban of overfishing
  • Host reggae festivals to keep heritage
  • Only allowing people to go with a guide
  • Educating people to care for the environment
  • Strict control over building height
71
Q

What organisation is responsible for the management of national parks in Jamaica?

A

The Jamaica Conservation and Development Trust

72
Q

What is the Case Study for energy supply?

73
Q

What % of iceland energy supply is geothermal?

74
Q

What % of Iceland energy supply is HEP?

75
Q

What % of Iceland energy supply is renewable?

76
Q

Where is Iceland located?

A

On the Mid Atlantic Ridge, a constructive plate boundary between the North American and Eurasian plates

77
Q

What fraction of Iceland’s population lives in the Southwest and why?

A

3/4, because most geothermal sources are found here

78
Q

Name the controversial hydroelectric prokect in Iceland.

A

Karahnjukar HEP Project

78
Q

Name the controversial hydroelectric prokect in Iceland.

A

Karahnjukar HEP Project

79
Q

When was the Karahnjukar HEP Station completed?

80
Q

Why was the Karahnjukar HEP Project controversial?

A

It is one of Europe’s largest wilderness areas. The diversion of water and submergence of land removed habitats for birds such as the pink footed goose and harbor seals

81
Q

How many reindeer grazed where the Karahnjukar HEP Project was built?

82
Q

How many jobs has the Karahnjukar HEP Project provided?

83
Q

What is the case study for water supply?

A

Sri Lanka!

84
Q

When was Sri Lanka’s worst drought?

85
Q

How much did resevoir levels drop to in the Sri Lanka drought?

A

To 33% of capacity.

86
Q

How many people were affected by the Sri Lanka drought?

A

1.2 million

87
Q

During normal years what % of water can Sri Lanka generate from HEP?

88
Q

Which River in Sri Lanka could more water be gained from?

A

The Mahaweli River

89
Q

How could a Mahaweli River Dam help Sri Lanka?

A

This is the country’s largest river basin with headwaters in the southern wet zone. The project will feed tanks and reservoirs in the northern dry zone to keep these full year-round, allowing farmers to plant two crops instead of the usual single crop.

90
Q

Where does most of the Sri Lanka population get water from?

A

Wells, hand pump tube wells, small scale rural water supply schemes

91
Q

How many cubic meters of water may be supplied to Irrigation in the dry zone after the Sri Lanka Mahaweli River Dam project is over?

A

1 billion Cubic meters of water

92
Q

What is the Case Study for environmental risk?

A

Fracking, California, USA

93
Q

What is fracking?

A

A process for extracting oil and natural gas from the ground by blasting water and chemicals into underground rocks.

94
Q

What has made fracking more viable recently?

A

It used to be extremely expensive but the technology has improves s costs have come down. It can be used economically on land.

95
Q

What are the advantages of Fracking to the US?

A
  • The USA is more energy secure despite fluctuations in oil prices
  • Reduced dependency on oil and gas imports from countries it has diplomatic problems with
  • Shale deposits contain lot of oil
  • Fracking could provide jobs
96
Q

What are some of the countries the USA has been reliant on for oil imports?

A

Russia, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, other Middle Eastern countries

97
Q

What % of the USA’a oil deposits are found in the shale deposits under California?

98
Q

How many jobs could Fracking create in california?

99
Q

List the disadvantages of fracking in California.

A
  • Leaked methane
  • Contamination of drinking water
  • Extraction and water use
  • Earthquakes
100
Q

Describe how fracking has contributed to earthquakes in California.

A

Geologists observed a steady increase in the number of earthquakes attributed due to destabilisation of the ground

101
Q

Describe how fracking has contributed to extraction and water use in California

A

Fracking is very water intensive - requiring millions of gallons of water

102
Q

Describe how fracking has contributed to contaminated drinking water in California.

A
  • Many reports by citizens of foul tap water
  • Some of the tap water has turned bubbly and flammable due to increased methane

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