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IGCSEs > Geography 🌎 | Population πŸ‘¨β€πŸ‘©β€πŸ‘§β€πŸ‘¦ | Deck 1 > Flashcards

Geography 🌎 | Population πŸ‘¨β€πŸ‘©β€πŸ‘§β€πŸ‘¦ | Deck 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define β€œBirth rate”

A

The number of live births per 1000 of the population per year

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2
Q

Define β€œDeath rate”

A

The number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year.

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3
Q

What factors need to be present for a stable population?

A

The Birth rate & Immigration and Death rate & Emigration have to be the same.

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4
Q

What factors need to be present for a growing population?

A

The Birth rate & Immigration needs to be higher than the Death rate & Emigration.

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5
Q

What factors need to be present for a falling population?

A

The Death rate & Emigration need to be higher than the Birth rate & Immigration.

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6
Q

Why has the world population exponentially increased since the industrial revolution?

A

We created medicine and vaccines to stop people from death by disease, and ramped up our food production so we don’t starve.

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7
Q

What are the 3 main necessities of life?

A

Food, water, and energy.

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8
Q

What are the side effects of our exponential growth?

A

We are using so many natural resources that the world may not be able to support us - we are experiencing climate change.

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9
Q

What is the current world population?

A

7.7 billion.

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10
Q

Why is the population decreasing in some countries?

A

Countries such as Japan and Germany have an aging population, where women do not have many babies and the elderly dependent population slowly dies.

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11
Q

Why does female empowerment correlate with a lower birth rate?

A

When women are empowered, they pursue education and have a much bigger role than just raising and having children. They put higher education and jobs over having children.

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12
Q

Is the world population expected to continue increasing forever?

A

No, the 11 billionth human is not expected to be born, as women worldwide get better rights and have less children.

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13
Q

What is an LEDC?

A

A Less Economically Developed Country.

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14
Q

What is an MEDC?

A

A More Economically Developed Country.

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15
Q

Why do LEDCs have a far quicker growing population?

A

Women are not as empowered, and have more children. The child mortality is higher and women have more children. However, this is changing.

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16
Q

What is a census?

A

When a country asks questions about people in each household, to adjust how they use their resources.

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17
Q

When is the world population projected to reach 8 billion?

A

2025 according to UN

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18
Q

When is the world population forecasted to reach 10 billion?

A

2083 according to UN.

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19
Q

How does a high infant mortality impact the birth rate?

A

Many children die to preventable diseases, which encourages people to have more children in the hope that they survive, increasing the birth rate.

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20
Q

How does the emancipation of women impact the birth rate?

A

As society empowers women, they break free of the bounds that tell them to stay at home and care for children. They are encouraged to stay in education and pursue a birth rate, so their first priority is not to have children.

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21
Q

How does health care access impact the death rate?

A

Less people die from disease that could be prevented by vaccines and medicine.

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22
Q

How do diseases such as HIV impact death rate and the economy?

A

Lots of people die from the disease, and many who have the disease cannot work and produce money for the economy.

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23
Q

What is contraception and how does it impact birth rate?

A

Contraception are ways to prevent a woman getting pregnancy. When women have access to contraception and are educated about it, accidental babies being born are less of an issue.

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24
Q

How can government policies strengthen or reduce the population

A

In countries where the fertility rate is too low, government policies can be implemented to increase population by giving benefits to those with more children.
In countries with too high of a population, the opposite can be done.

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25
Q

How can family planning decrease birth rate?

A

If rural areas are having too many children, the people can be taught that it is easier to support a family with less children.

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26
Q

What are some things that can lead to an increased death rate?

A

War or conflict, disease, drugs & alcohol, sexually transmitted disease, famine.

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27
Q

Do LEDCs or MEDCs have a higher birth rate?

A

LEDCs have a higher birth rate.

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28
Q

What is natural increase?

A

When the birth rate is higher than the death rate.

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29
Q

Define emancipation.

A

When a discriminated group is given equal rights.

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30
Q

Why is reducing birth rate important for our planet?

A

Our planet has limited natural resources, and our world cannot support our ever increasing population.

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31
Q

Define infant mortality.

A

The number of deaths under one year of age, per year, per 1000 live births.

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32
Q

Why has infant mortality reduced?

A

Vaccines that stop preventable disease.

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33
Q

What does the DTM stand for?

A

Demographic transition model.

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34
Q

What is the DTM?

A

A model which shows the way that population growth can be divided into four (or 5 now) stages that show how birth and death rates change over time, based on what happened in Europe and NA.

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35
Q

What is the birth rate, death rate, and natural change like in stage 1 of the DTM?

A

The birth rate is high, so is the the death rate. There is a stable or slow natural increase, and the population is low.

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36
Q

What is the birth rate, death rate, and natural change like in stage 2 of the DTM?

A

The birth rate is still high, but the death rate falls rapidly. There is a rapid increase in natural increase.

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37
Q

What is the birth rate, death rate, and natural change like in stage 3 of the DTM?

A

The birth rate is falling rapidly, the death rate continues to fall more slowly, and the natural increase slows down.

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38
Q

What is the birth rate, death rate, and natural change like in stage 4 of the DTM?

A

The birth and death rates are low, the natural increase falls and comes to a halt.

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39
Q

What is the birth rate, death rate, and natural change like in stage 5 of the DTM?

A

The birth rate falls further, and becomes lower than the death rate. The death rate rises as elderly die, and there is a lowering natural increase. (we do not know this for sure as not many countries are in stage 5)

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40
Q

What are the 5 stages of the DTM?

A

Stage 1 (High fluctuation), Stage 2 (Early expanding), Stage 3 (Late expanding), Stage 4 (Low fluctuating), and Stage 5 (Natural decrease)

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41
Q

Why is there high fluctuation in stage 1 of the DTM?

A

Due to disease, famine, and war.

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42
Q

What are some examples of places in stage 1 of the DTM?

A

In traditional rainforest tribes in places such as Indonesia, Brazil, and Malaysia where people live separately from the outside world.

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43
Q

What are some examples of places in stage 2 of the DTM?

A

In some of the poorest and most underdeveloped countries in the world such as Afghanistan, or a lot of Sub-Saharan Africa.

44
Q

What are some examples of places in stage 3 of the DTM?

A

In countries like Nigeria, India, and Mexico, the death rate is much lower than the birth rate, which falls due to changing social conditions.

45
Q

What are some examples of places in stage 4 of the DTM?

A

In more developed countries like the USA, Singapore, and Brazil.

46
Q

What are some examples of places in stage 5 of the DTM?

A

In more developed countries such as Germany, Japan, and Portugal.

47
Q

Which stage of the DTM is the most economically sustainable and why?

A

Stage 4 of the DTM is the most economically sustainable because women work as much as men in high paying jobs, more taxes being paid to the government - and with there still being a healthy fertility rate there is a sustainable population.

48
Q

What is the problem of being in stage 5 of the DTM?

A

There is in general, a growing elderly dependent population in stage 5 of the DTM, and the few young people have to work. The elderly are a strain on the young who have to use their time to take care of them, making economic growth difficult.

49
Q

What are the problems with the DTM?

A
  • The DTM does not take into account migration, which can increase or decrease economic development.
  • The original DTM is outdated in some aspects.
50
Q

How is population growth beginning to slow down?

A

The average number of babies have been decreasing, due to family planning, education, and contraception.

51
Q

What is the average babies per woman now?

A

2.5.

52
Q

Currently, what is the population pyramid for the whole world like? (How is population spread for all ages)

A

There are 2B children, 2B from 12-30 years old, 1B from 30-45, 1B from 45-60, and 1B over 60.

53
Q

Define underpopulation.

A

A situation in which there are too few people to realize the economic potential of an area or support its population’s standard of living.

54
Q

Why is Australia considered to be underpopulated?

A

Many areas of Australia are empty and the resources are not being used fully.

55
Q

Describe the climate of Australia.

A

Australia’s climate is cooler the more south you go, and warmer the more north. Tip is equatorial and bottom is temperate. The coasts are more cool and wet.

56
Q

How is the Australian government trying to attract people to Australia?

A

Advertising, developing the country economically, making it more attractive.

57
Q

Why do some people not think Australia is underpopulated?

A

Since most of it is desert which is uninhabitable.

58
Q

Define overpopulation.

A

The concept of a human population becoming too large to besustainedby its environment in the long term. Whereby resources available will not sustain the population.

59
Q

Why is Nigeria considered overpopulated?

A

Nigeria has a lot of pressure on natural resources, pollution, and lack of essential services. It occupies only 3% of Africa but houses 15% of the people.

60
Q

Where is Nigeria located?

A

Nigeria is a country in West Africa, bordering Benin, Niger, Chad and Cameroon. The Atlantic Ocean is to the west of Nigeria. The capital city is Abuja and is very close to the Benue River and River Niger.

61
Q

What is Nigeria’s climate like?

A

Its location gives the country a tropical climate with variable rainy and dry seasons in different parts of the country. It is hot and wet most of the year in the south, but inland there is a long dry season. This has created a range of environments, with tropical rainforests in the south and semi arid desert in the north.

62
Q

Who Nigeria belong to till 1960?

A

It belonged to Britain, who used it for petroleum.

63
Q

After Nigeria’s independence, what were the conflicts in Nigeria?

A

Power struggles resulted in a civil war between 1967-1970. Its only since 1999 that Nigeria has had a stable government.

64
Q

What makes Nigeria an important country to Africa?

A

Nigeria has one of the fastest growing economies in Africa, and had the largest GDP of the continent in 2020! It has the highest population and farm output in Africa. It could lead the way in Africa’s development.

65
Q

What are the problems in Nigeria?

A
  • The overcrowding has led to increased disease levels and inadequate sanitation.
  • Lack of employment and poverty led to increased crime rates.
66
Q

What are some city specific problems in Nigeria?

A
  • Lack of Housing in Kano
  • High crime rate in Jos
  • Pollution of air and water in Port Harcourt
  • Shortage of food in Yola
  • Not enough healthcare and schools in Ibadan
  • Congested roads in Lagos.
67
Q

Currently, what is Nigeria’s population? What is it predicted to be?

A

Currently, Nigeria has a population of 201 million. In the next 30 years, it is expected to reach 400 million and be the 3rd most populous in the world.

68
Q

What is the fertility rate in Nigeria overall and at the North?

A

The average children per woman is 5.5. At the conservative Muslim north it is 8 children!

69
Q

What has led to high fertility rates in Nigeria?

A

Polygamy, child marriage, teen pregnancy, poor education, a mindset against girls getting education, and the difficulty of implementing family planning.

70
Q

What is the government doing wrong in Lagos?

A

Transforming Lagos to make it pretty and develop it that way, but not what the poor needs!

Making so many new buildings and malls destroys slums and lives.

71
Q

What draws people to Lagos?

A
  • Compared to the rest of Africa, there is far more healthcare
  • In rural areas of Nigeria, 40% don’t attend primary school whereas in Lagos, 68% of the population have a secondary education.
  • More access to electricity
  • Better jobs such as construction
  • Thriving film industry (Nollywood)
  • Oil industry
72
Q

What is the terrorist group that pushes people to Lagos?

A

In the north of Nigeria, there is a terrorist group called Boko Haram, that makes people move to Lagos.

73
Q

Define population density.

A

Population density describes the average number of people living in a given area (this is usually a square kilometre, or km2).

74
Q

What is densely and sparsely populated?

A

Densely - high population density
Sparsely - low population density

75
Q

How is population density calculated?

A

By dividing the total population by land area.

76
Q

What is the β€œout back” in Australia?

A

The colloquial name for the vast, unpopulated and mainly arid areas that comprise Australia’s interior and remote coasts.

77
Q

Why do few people live in the outback?

A

Only 5% of the population live in the outback though it is most of the country as it is very dry and mostly desert. There are droughts, little healthcare, and little industries.

78
Q

What attracts people to some areas?

A

Employment, Flat land, Good communications, Fertile soil, Natural resources, and Reliable water supplies.

79
Q

Why are some places underpopulated?

A

Steep relief, Arid climate, Infertile soil, Marshy land, and extremely cold climate.

80
Q

What age are young dependents?

A

0-14.

81
Q

What age are the working population?

A

15-64 (The productive part of the population)

82
Q

What age are elderly dependents?

A

65 and older.

83
Q

What is the dependency ratio?

A

Thedependency ratiois an age-population ratio of those typically not in thelabour force.

84
Q

Who does the dependency ratio help?

A

Governments, economists, bankers, businesses, industry, universities, and other major economic segments.

85
Q

How does the dependency ratio help major economic sectors?

A

A lower ratio means enough people are working to support the dependent population - allowing for better pensions and healthcare.

A higher ratio means there is more stress on the working population, and the sectors work on strategies to combat this and adjust plans.

86
Q

What is the formula of the total dependency ratio?

A

(people aged 0 to 14)+(people aged 65+)/(people aged 15 to 64 x 100

(percentage)

87
Q

What is the dependency ratio in most countries?

A

40-60%

88
Q

Which area of the world has the highest dependency ratios?

A

Sub-Saharan Africa.

89
Q

What record did Italy set in terms of population dependency?

A

They became the first country in the world where the number of people over 60 exceeded the over 20s.

90
Q

What is the replacement fertility rate?

A

2.1.

91
Q

What is the fertility rate of Italy?

A

1.43.

92
Q

What is the percent of women who have 1 child, and the percent of women who have no children? IN ITALY.

A

25% of women have only 1 child, and 25% have none. This makes the YDP very low, so once the elderly retire they wont be replaced.

93
Q

Why is the death rate in Italy higher than the birth rate in Italy?

A

For one, Italy has a low birth rate. People don’t die of disease but of old age.

94
Q

Why does Italy’s population increase even with negative natural increase?

A

Due to immigration. Italy welcomes asylum seekers and immigrants.

95
Q

What can countries do to make the elderly population contribute to the economy?

A
  • Create a gradual retirement scheme, so the elderly do not immediately Stop work but do so gradually, still contributing though reducing hours of work.
  • Reward volunteering, artistic activities, and care among elderly.`
96
Q

What can countries with a high EDP do to increase YDP, who grow into working.

A
  • Offer couples benefits for having children
  • Give grants to cover cost of children
97
Q

What can countries with a high EDP do to increase immigration?

A
  • Tighten immigration laws
  • Provide free housing for refugees
98
Q

What is a country with a youthful dependent population?

A

Malawi

99
Q

What are the problems caused by a high YDP?

A
  • More need for schools and teachers
  • Low literacy rate; inadequate education systems.
  • Widespread poverty
  • Lack of essential services, housing, jobs
  • % of people 0-14 grows but the people aged 15-64 increase, dependent population grows.
100
Q

What are the social implications of a high YDP?

A
  1. Lack of education and employment leads to high crime to make a living
  2. Medical care being sparse makes it so that some cultures have it easier for a sick child to die and be replaced than for medication to be bought.
  3. Overcrowding leads to cramped conditions where disease spreads fast.
101
Q

What are the economic implications of a high YDP?

A
  1. Large no. of people aged 0-15 puts pressure on education system.
  2. LEDC people cannot afford healthcare and rely on charity; people die due to preventable disease.
102
Q

What is the population of Italy?

A

60 million.

103
Q

What is the population of Australia?

A

25 million.

104
Q

Italy’s ratio of funerals to weedings

A

3:1

105
Q

What is a dying village of Italy?

A

Vastogirardi

106
Q

Climactic conditions of australia??? HOW??

A

Very hot at 36-39 celcius

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