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IGCSEs > Biology πŸƒ | Characteristics and Organization | 1.1 > Flashcards

Biology πŸƒ | Characteristics and Organization | 1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of living organisms?

A

Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition. (MRS GREN)

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2
Q

Define β€œMovement”.

A

Actions by an organism or part of an organism causing a change in position or space. This may be to avoid predation or access food.

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3
Q

Define β€œRespiration”.

A

The chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism.

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4
Q

Define β€œSensitivity”.

A

The ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and to make appropriate responses in order to survive.

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5
Q

Define β€œGrowth”

A

A permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both.

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6
Q

Define β€œReproduction”

A

The processes that makes more of the same kind of organism.

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7
Q

Define β€œExcretion”

A

Removal from organisms of the waste products of metabolism, toxic materials, and substances in excess of requirements.

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8
Q

Define β€œNutrition”

A

Taking in of materials for energy, growth and development

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9
Q

To be considered living, how many of the 7 characteristics does the organism have to have?

A

A thing needs all 7 characteristics to be considered living, though there are exceptions such as interbred species and infertile animals.

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10
Q

Define β€œSpecies”

A

A group of organisms with similar features that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring.

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11
Q

What is interbreeding?

A

When two organisms can reproduce but produce infertile offspring. Though they can reproduce they are not a part of the same species.

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12
Q

What is a common ancestor?

A

A species that lived long ago believed to be a distant ancestor of two or more species living today.

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13
Q

What are the basic ways that we can classify organisms?

A
  • Morphology
  • Anatomy
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14
Q

Define morphology

A

The overall form and shape of an organism, and physical appearance

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15
Q

Define anatomy

A

The detailed body structure of an organism as determined from dissection

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16
Q

How does DNA help us classify organisms?

A

We can see how similar the base sequences of DNA on two species are.

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17
Q

What does two organisms having a more similar base sequence of DNA mean?

A

It means that they have a closer common ancestor.

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18
Q

What is the aim of classification systems?

A

To try and reflect evolutionary relationships, allowing us to see how the current living world developed.

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19
Q

What are the 7 base categories a species is classified to in the Linnaean classification system?

A

Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species.

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20
Q

Define the binomial system of naming species

A

An internationally agreed system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts showing the genus and species

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21
Q

How is the scientific name of a species written?

A

The Genus name of a species capitalized and italicized, and the species name italicized in lower case put together.

(Genus species)

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22
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A

Prokaryotes, Protoctista, Plants, Fungi, and Animal.

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23
Q

What is a dichotomous key?

A

A scientific tool to help us classify and identify different direction, using branches of two descriptions in each statement.

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of animals?

A
  • Multicellular
  • Contains a nucleus
  • No cell walls or chloroplasts
  • Feed on organic substances made by other living things
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25
Q

What are the characteristics of plants?

A
  • Multicellular
  • Contains a nucleus, chloroplasts, and cellulose cell walls
  • Feed by photosynthesis
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26
Q

What are the characteristics of Fungi?

A
  • Usually multicellular
  • Contains nuclei
  • Non-cellulose cell walls
  • Feeds by saprophytic (on dead or decaying material) or parasitic (on live material) nutrition
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27
Q

What are the characteristics of protoctists?

A
  • Most are unicellular; rarely multicellular
  • All have a nucleus; some have cell walls and chloroplasts
  • Some photosynthesise, some feed on other organic material
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28
Q

What are the characteristics of prokaryotes?

A

P - Prokaryotes have no nucleus.
R - Ribiosomes and DNA loop in the cytoplasm, Non cellulose cell wall
O - Often unicellular
PROkaryotes

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29
Q

What do all cells share?

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and enzymes.

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30
Q

What are the phylums animals are divided into?

A

Vertebrates and arthropods (invertebrates).

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31
Q

What are the 5 classes of vertebrates?

A

Mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds, fish.
MARBF

32
Q

What are the distinguishing features of mammals?

A

M - Mammary glands produce milk for young
A - All mammals have fur
M - Most reproduce with internal fertilisation, giving birth to live young.
MAMmals

33
Q

What is the word for an animal that produces live young

A

Viviparous.

34
Q

What are the distinguishing features of birds?

A

B - Beaks, wings, and feathers
I - Internally fertilised, hard shell eggs.
R - Rather a lot of them fly, but some don’t
BIRds

35
Q

Which vertebrates are warm blooded?

A

Mammals and birds.

36
Q

Which vertebrates are cold-blooded?

A

Fish, reptiles, and amphibians.

37
Q

Which invertebrates are warm blooded?

A

NONE OF THEM! all invertebrates are cold blooded.

38
Q

What are the distinguishing features of fish?

A

F - Fins β€˜N gills
I - In general, small externally fertilized eggs
S - Scales are wet, though not all fish have scales.
FISh

39
Q

What are the distinguishing features of reptiles?

A

R - Really dry scales
E - Eggs are hard and leathery
P - Populate on land, though some swim.
REPtiles

40
Q

What are the distinguishing features of amphibians?

A

A - Adapted to water and land; some have gills
M - Moist skin
P - Parent may lay jelly-like eggs in water, or give birth.
AMPhibians

41
Q

What are the 4 classes of invertebrates?

A

Myriapods, arachnids, insects, and crustaceans
MAIC

42
Q

What are the distinguishing features of myriapods?

A

M - Many jointed legs
Y - Yes, an elongated body with numerous sections (bit of a stretch)
R - β€˜Ryiapods have an exoskeleton (again a stetch i know sorry)
MYRiapods

43
Q

What are the distinguishing features of arachnids?

A

A - Antennae and wings not there
R - Rather a lot of legs. More specifically - 8 legs (4 pairs)
A - A grand total… of TWO body regions…

44
Q

What are the distinguishing features of insects?

A

I - Intersected into 3 part body
N - Nice 3 pairs of 6 legs (I CANT DO ACRONYMS aaa)
S - Single pair of antennae and wings
INSects

45
Q

What are the distinguishing features of crustaceans?

A

C - Creatures of the sea, at least most of them
R - Result altogether of a 3 part body
U - Unbelievable!! Impossible!!! 2 sets of antennae!

46
Q

What are some examples of myriapods?

A

Millipedes and centipedes.

47
Q

What are some examples of arachnids?

A

Scorpions, spiders, ticks, and mites.

48
Q

What are some examples of insects?

A

Butterflies, BEES, ladybugs.

49
Q

What are some examples of crustaceans?

A

Crabs, shrimps, woodlice.

50
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water = oxygen + glucose

51
Q

What makes the plant kingdom important to other organisms?

A

Due to the presence of photosynthesis in plants, they are the primary producer in all food chains.

52
Q

What are the two kinds of flowering plants?

A

Monocotyledons and dicotyledons.

53
Q

What is a cotyledon?

A

An embryonic leaf that is one of the first leaves to appear.

54
Q

How many embryonic leaves do monocots have?

A

Monocotyledons have one embryonic leaf.

55
Q

How many embryonic leaves do dicots have?

A

Dicots have two embryonic leaves.

56
Q

What are the leaves like in monocotyledons?

A

Leaves are narrow with parallel veins.

57
Q

What are the leaves like in dicotyledons?

A

Leaves are oval/palmate, with net-like veins.

58
Q

How many pores or furrows do pollen grains in monocotyledons have?

A

One.

59
Q

How many pores or furrows do pollen grains in dicotyledons have?

A

Three.

60
Q

How many floral parts do monocotyledons have?

A

Three floral parts, or in multiples of three.

61
Q

How many floral parts do dicotyledons have?

A

Four or five, or multiples thereof.

62
Q

What are the roots of monocotyledons like in comparison to dicotyledons.

A

Monocotyledons have fibrous roots, dicotyledons have one tap root that branches.

63
Q

What are the vascular bundles in stems like in monocotyledons?

A

Small, and spread throughout the stem.

64
Q

What are the vascular bundles in stems like in dicotyledons?

A

Larger and arranged in a ring around the stem.

65
Q

What are the leaves of ferns called?

A

Fronds.

66
Q

How do ferns reproduce?

A

They don’t produce flowers, but reproduce using spores on the underside of fronds.

67
Q

Why are viruses not considered living?

A

Viruses don’t possess all the characteristics of a living thing.

68
Q

Which living characteristics do viruses lack?

A

Excrete, move, feed, show sensitivity, grow, or reproduce.

69
Q

How do viruses make copies of themselves?

A

They hijack a host cell’s material with their own to make multiple copies of itself and invade others.

70
Q

What happens to a host cell after a virus takes over it?

A

It dies.

71
Q

What is found in a virus?

A

Genetic material (RNA), and a protein coat.

72
Q

Define metabolism

A

The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

73
Q

What is the purpose of a virus protein coat?

A

It is often made by another cell’s membrane to trick it into letting the virus in.

74
Q

Define saprophytic

A

Obtaining food by dead or decayed organic material

75
Q

Define parasitic

A

Obtaining food by feeding on live material

IGCSEs (68 decks)

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