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IGCSEs > Biology πŸƒ | Transport in animals | 9 > Flashcards

Biology πŸƒ | Transport in animals | 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A

A system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood.

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2
Q

What is the difference between the circulatory system of a mammal and a fish?

A

A fish has a single circulatory system and a mammal has a double circulatory system.

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3
Q

What is a single circulatory system?

A

A circulatory system where the blood passes through the heart only once in a complete circuit

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4
Q

What is the advantage of a double circulatory system?

A

When blood flows through lungs, it loses pressure from pumping of the heart. The blood pressure can increase again when the heart pumps it again. In fish, the blood is much slower as it has to pass through two sets of capillaries before reaching the heart again.

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5
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

The upper part of the circulatory system from the heart to the lungs

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6
Q

What is the systematic circuit?

A

Lower part of the circulatory system from heart to body cells.

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7
Q

What circuits does a mammal’s circulatory system consist of?

A

Pulmonary and systematic circuit.

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8
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A

Oxygen and nutrients are distributed all over the body. Carbon dioxide and other waste products are transported to be excreted at different organs.

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9
Q

What muscle is the heart made of?

A

Cardiac muscle.

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10
Q

What is the difference between veins and arteries in terms of how they carry blood around the body?

A

Veins carry blood to the heart and arteries away from the heart.

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11
Q

What is the septum?

A

A thick wall separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

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12
Q

Where are a heart’s muscular walls larger?

A

On the left ventricle as blood needs to be pumped to the whole body and not just the lungs.

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13
Q

Where are the semilunar arteries?

A

In the two blood arteries coming out of the top of the heart.

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14
Q

What is special about the semilunar arteries?

A

They are the only two arteries in the body containing valves.

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15
Q

When do semilunar valves open and close?

A

They open when the ventricles contract so blood squeezes past them out of the heart, closing to stop blood flowing back into the heart.

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16
Q

What do atrioventricular valves seperate?

A

The atrium from the ventricles.

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17
Q

When do atrioventricular valves open and close?

A

The open when the atria contracts, but close when the ventricles contract to prevent blood flowing back to the atria.

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18
Q

What are the coronary arteries?

A

The blood vessels supplying blood to heart muscles.

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19
Q

Why does our heart need coronary arteries when it is full of blood?

A

The thickness of the heart is not fast enough for only diffusion; direct supply is needed.

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20
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

The blockage of coronary arteries, usually from fatty deposits.

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21
Q

What are the risk factors of getting CHD?

A

Smoking, Diet, Obesity, Stress, Genetic predisposition, Age, Sex

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22
Q

Why does diet risk impact of CHD?

A

A diet high in saturated fats is linked with an increase in high-LDL cholestrol that increases chances of CHD.

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23
Q

Why does exercise impact risk of CHD?

A

It prevents excessive weight gain, decreases blood pressure, and reduces stress.

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24
Q

Why does high blood pressure cause coronary heart disease?

A

It puts extra pressure on artery walls, making them susceptible to thinning. The muscles respond to the pressure and push back. There is less space for blood.

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25
Q

What drugs can treat CHD?

A

Statins or aspirin.

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26
Q

What procedures can treat CHD?

A

Stents to keep arteries open, replacement arteries, or heart transplant.

27
Q

What can we use to measure heart rate?

A

ECG, Pulse rate, or the sound of valves opening and closing.

28
Q

What is an ECG?

A

An electrocardiograph. Electrodes are stuck into the body and electrical activity is recorded as a graph.

29
Q

How can we measure pulse rate?

A

Placing our hand on somewhere there is an artery to feel contraction and retraction.

30
Q

How can we measure the sound of valves closing?

A

With a stethoscope or by listening with our ears on someone’s chest.

31
Q

How does exercise increase heart rate?

A

Muscles use up more oxygen as contracting and retracting more. More respiration is needed to supply enough energy, and for that the heart needs to pump blood faster.

32
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

To supply cells with their requirements and remove waste products.

33
Q

What is the structure of arteries?

A
  • Thick exterior walls
  • Thick layer of muscles on inside of outer wall
  • Smooth layer between muscles and Lumen
  • Relatively narrow lumen that can stretch.
34
Q

Why is the lumen of the arteries flexible in size?

A

The rate of the heart is constantly changing depending on how much oxygen is needed. The lumen’s width needs to adjust to withstand blood pressure.

35
Q

Why do arteries have thicker walls than veins?

A

Blood pressure is much higher in arteries. It has to be withstood.

36
Q

What is the structure of veins?

A
  • Walls thinner than arteries
  • Thin layer of muscles inside
  • Smooth lining
  • Valves keep a one-way flow of blood.
37
Q

Why are valves necessary in veins?

A

In arteries, the blood pressure is so high that the flow of blood is naturally away from the heart. Veins have a far lower blood pressure.

38
Q

What is the structure of capillaries?

A
  • One cell thick walls
  • Tiny lumen, just wide enough for red blood cells.
39
Q

Why is the wall on capillaries so thin?

A

It allows for the diffusion of oxygen in the blood into the tissue fluid (and carbon dioxide to blood) at a fast rate due to the low distance it has to travel.

40
Q

Why are the lumen of capillaries so small?

A
  • It allows them to fit more in an area, increasing diffusion rate
  • Blood has to travel shorter distance to walls
41
Q

What are the blood vessels to and from the lungs called?

A

The pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein.

42
Q

Arteries in the systematic circuit are found on the _

A

Left side of the heart

43
Q

What are the two main veins that bring blood to the heart called?

A

Vena cava (from head/body)

44
Q

What are the blood vessels to and from the liver called?

A

Hepatic artery, hepatic vein, hepatic portal vein.

45
Q

What is the hepatic portal vein?

A

The vein that moves blood from the small intestine to the liver.

46
Q

What are the blood vessels to and from the kidneys called?

A

Renal artery, renal vein.

47
Q

What is formed when oxygen joins haemoglonbin?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin (gasp!)

48
Q

What are the functions of white blood cells?

A

Phagocytosis, making antibodies.

fighting pathogens

49
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The engulfing and destroying of pathogens.

50
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells?

A

Phagocytes (phagocytosis), and lymphocytes (antibodies)

51
Q

What is the shape of white blood cells?

A

Massively varied.

52
Q

What is the difference in nuclei of lymphocytes and phagocytes?

A

Lymphocytes have a large single nucleus, but phagocytes have a lobed nucleus.

53
Q

What is the structure of red blood cells?

A

Red, biconcave discs without a nucleus containing haemoglonbin.

54
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Transporting oxygen and some carbon dioxide.

55
Q

What is the function of platlets?

A

To help with blood clotting by sticking together

56
Q

What is the structure of platlets?

A

They are small fragments of cells without a nucleus.

57
Q

What is the structure of plasma?

A

It is a yellow liquid with water, containing many substances.

58
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

It is a liquid medium for cells and platelets to float, and transports many substances.

59
Q

What substances does plasma transport?

A

Carbon dioxide, nutrients, urea, hormones, heat, proteins such as fibrinogen, and antibodies.

60
Q

What are blood clotting factors?

A

The steps in the chain reaction of blood clotting.

61
Q

What is the importance of blood clotting?

A

It prevents blood loss and the entry of pathogens

62
Q

How do platelets help with blood clotting?

A

They are activated when vessels are damaged, sticking together and to surfaces, as well as starting a chain reaction activating blood clotting factors.

63
Q

How are blood cells trapped during blood clotting?

A

A chain reaction activates the enzyme that converts the soluble fibrinogen to the insoluble fibrin. Insoluble fibres trap red blood cells.

64
Q

What lack of blood clotting factors leads to haemophilia?

A

When factor VII or IX are missing.

IGCSEs (68 decks)

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