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IGCSEs > History ⏳ | Introduction πŸ‘£ | 0.0 > Flashcards

History ⏳ | Introduction πŸ‘£ | 0.0 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Tsar.

A

Russian word for emperor.

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2
Q

Define Great Power.

A

Countries with considerable military, diplomatic, and economic power and influence.

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3
Q

Define Empire.

A

An area of territory usually comprising of more than one country, ruled by a single monarch or government.

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4
Q

Define USSR.

A

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, also known as the Soviet Union.

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5
Q

Define Soviet.

A

Russian for β€œcouncil” or β€œcommittee”.

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6
Q

What important change happened to Russia in the 20th Century?

A

It changes from a monarchy to a socialist state.

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7
Q

What happened to the life expectancy in the 20th Century?

A

Drastic increase. However, there was a big gap between life expectancy in Developing and industrial worlds.

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8
Q

What happened to world consumption in the 20th century?

A

It grew rapidly but it wasn’t fairly distributed. The poor had a smaller share than the rich in 1950.

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9
Q

What happens to energy consumption after 1820?

A

All forms of energy increase in consumption exponentially since WW1.

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10
Q

What was important about Oil in the first and second world war?

A

Oil was essential to a country’s power, ones with more oil were more powerful.

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11
Q

What was replaced as the most important energy source in the 20th century?

A

Coal, which was replaced by oil.

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12
Q

What was the negative impact of Industrialization?

A

It has caused unprecedented global warming and harm to the environment.

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13
Q

What did people expect the 20th century to bring?

A

The start of a new, happy era due to the technological improvements.

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14
Q

What happened to Europe’s empires after the world wars?

A

Due to the cost of the world wars, Europe lost many of their empires.

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15
Q

How did Germany and Britain see each other in the 20th century?

A

Germany and Britain saw each other as threats.

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16
Q

What were the β€œsuperpowers” in the 20th Century?

A

Britain, USA, and USSR
(BUU acronym)

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17
Q

What did Germany and France ALWAYS fight over?

A

The border between them, especially Alsace Lorraine.

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18
Q

In the 20th Century, what was the best way for the government to bring together citizens?

A

Nationalism.

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19
Q

When did political ideologies emerge?

A

In the 20th Century.

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20
Q

What was done to try to keep peace in the 20th Century?

A

There were many peace conferences hoping for peace due to the consequences of possible war.

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21
Q

Define Alliance.

A

A collection of 2 or more countries that agree to support the other/s if they are attacked by another country.

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22
Q

Define Slav.

A

A number of ethnic groups in Eastern and South-eastern Europe. They and their languages (such as Russian, Polish, Czech, Serbian) are related and many belong to Orthodox Christian churches.

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23
Q

Define Mobilisation.

A

Describes all the various actions that need to be taken in order to prepare for war, not just by the soldiers but by the civilians as well.

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24
Q

Define Central Powers.

A

The German and Austro-Hungarian powers at the beginning of the first world war. The Ottoman Empire joined later and the Kingdom of Bulgaria also did so.

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25
Q

When did the Ottoman Empire join the central powers?

A

1914

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26
Q

When did the kingdom of Bulgaria join the central powers?

A

1915

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27
Q

Define patriotism.

A

Having strong support for your country.

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28
Q

Define blockade.

A

A form of economic warfare where one country attempts to prevent goods being imported to its rival. Some blockades also ensure that ships cannot get out of port.

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29
Q

Define conscription.

A

Compulsory military service.

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30
Q

Define Strategy.

A

A plan intended to achieve an overall long term military aim.

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31
Q

Define peace treaty.

A

A document that sets out what should happen after a war is over. It is signed by the victors and the losers.

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32
Q

Define Reparations.

A

A kind of fine paid by an aggressor and intended to make up for loss or damage suffered by a victim.

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33
Q

Define Desertion.

A

When soldiers leave their post, refuse to obey their officers to obey their officers and walk out from the front.

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34
Q

Define Abdicate (as head of state).

A

When a king or emperor steps down or gives up the throne.

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35
Q

Define Armistice.

A

An end of fighting as a prelude to peace negotiations.

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36
Q

Define British blockade.

A

When Britain prevented supplies from getting to Germany.

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37
Q

What was the world consumption in 1900?

A

$1.5 trillion.

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38
Q

What was the world consumption in 1998?

A

$24 trillion

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39
Q

What happened to the US’s crown in oil production?

A

The US was once one of the largest oil producer but now has to import 60% of its oil.

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40
Q

How much of our forests were destroyed in the 20th century alone?

A

1/2 of them.

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41
Q

How much of our all time CO2 emissions were in the 20th century?

A

2/3rds of them.

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42
Q

What were the old imperial empires that broke up in the second half of the 20th century?

A

Germany, UK, France,

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43
Q

How long did WW1 last?

A

1914-1918

44
Q

How long did WW2 last?

A

1939-1945

45
Q

What were the 4 causes of ww1?

A

Alliances, Nationalism, Militarism, and Imperialism.

46
Q

What were the 2 main alliances in WW1?

A

The central powers and the allies.

47
Q

Who were the allies at the start of WW1?

A

Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia…

48
Q

Who joined the allies later in WW1?

A

Japan and the USA.

49
Q

Why is the alliance system considered a leading cause of WW1?

A

The alliance system caused countries to be obligated to support their allies.

50
Q

Why is Germany blamed for starting WW1 (in terms of alliances)

A

Because they encouraged Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, causing Russia to support their slav population.

51
Q

Who were the first to mobilise their armies?

A

Austria Hungary and Russia.

52
Q

How is Nationalism considered a leading cause of WW1?

A

It encouraged competition with neighbouring countries.

53
Q

What was the naval arms race?

A

It was when Germany and Britain were in competition to create better warships, creating friction between them.

54
Q

What caused WW1?

A

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serb Nationalist, Gavrilo Princip.

55
Q

How did the assassination of Franz Ferdinand lead to the breakout of WW1?

A

Austrian government blames it on Serbs and declares war on Serbia. As Serbia has treaty with Russia, they mobilize army… and so on…

56
Q

Who were the central powers?

A

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman empire

57
Q

What were the war declarations that followed Russia’s defense of Serbia?

A

Germany defends Austria, declaring war on Russia. As Germany invades France and Belgium, war declared. Britain defends Belgium and declares war.

58
Q

How many men were estimated to die daily due to WW1?

A

5000 men died a day for 4 years.

59
Q

How did countries non violently damage other countries over seas?

A

Each side tried to starve each other through blockade.

60
Q

What was the new zone of combat in WW1?

A

Air space.

61
Q

How many German people died in WW1?

A

1.6 million.

62
Q

How many French people died in WW1?

A

1.36 million.

63
Q

How many Americans died in WW1?

A

58,000.

64
Q

How many Russians died in WW1?

A

1.7 million.

65
Q

How many Austrio-Hungarians died in WW1?

A

900,000

66
Q

How many British people died in WW1?

A

660,000

67
Q

What were the new weapons of WW1?

A

Poison gas, flame-throwers, machine guns, heavy field guns that could shoot further, air strikes.

68
Q

How did people at the home front of WW1 die?

A

At home, poorer diet, spread of disease became more common as enemies tried to starve each other. Children and the elderly were undernourished and sick. + air raids.

69
Q

How did WW1 become a global war?

A

First Japan and the Ottoman empire joined, then Bulgaria, then Romania and Greece, and the US at the end!

70
Q

Why did WW1 have a stalemate?

A

Both sides had gotten modern weaponry making it hard to advance or retreat

71
Q

Why was WW1 considered the first total war?

A

All parts of society engaged in the war and were affected by it.
- Mills, factories, mines, and furnaces fully active.
- Governments try to control materials, production, and consprict labour.

72
Q

How did WW1 create some progress in the old ideals of women?

A

Society was forced to change their old ideals of women as men were fighting, they worked in places men used to such as industry and farming.

73
Q

What made the German high command conclude that they would lose the war?

A

The British Blockade.

74
Q

Why was 1917 a pivotal year?

A
  • Unrestricted submarine warfare declared by Germany
  • US declares war on Germany
  • Russian revolution
75
Q

What did Germany try and do to stop themselves from losing due to the British blockade?

A

They broke submarine restrictions to torpedo and sink Ally ships and the ships of Neutral countries like the USA, to starve Britain.

76
Q

When did Germany begin unrestricted submarine warfare?

A

Jan 1917.

77
Q

When did the US declare war on Germany?

A

April 1917.

78
Q

What did the Russian revolution lead to in WW1?

A

The Russian empire pulled out of the war after Lenin took over.

79
Q

What was the peace treaty signed between Russia nd Germany?

A

The treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

80
Q

What did Russia lose in the treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

A

Russia loses 1 million square miles of land (1/3 of oil, coal and iron resources, and population)

81
Q

How much did Germany demand Russia in the treaty of Brest-Litovosk?

A

Germany demanded 6 billion German gold marks in reparations.

82
Q

Why did German soldiers mutiny and desert their posts?

A

Germany expected to have a chance of winning the war, but they exhausted their resources. There was a lot of Desertion and mutiny due to this.

83
Q

Why did the German Kaiser abdicate?

A

He was told that the situation was pointless, and that it would give them a chance of signing a peace treaty.

84
Q

When did the Kaiser abdicate?

A

9th November 1918.

85
Q

When was the WW1 armistice to stop fighting signed?

A

11 November 1918.

86
Q

What was the β€œLegend of the Dolchstoss”

A

A scheme created by German Generals to save their honor that said that Germany only lost because they were β€œstabbed in the back” by the politicians stopping the war when they had not sacrificed anything.

87
Q

What made the β€œLegend of the Dolchstoss” believable?

A
  • Never in the war did a foreign army occupy a part of Germany. The army had not really be defeated.
  • Citizens were angry that the king was forced to abdicate.
  • They realized that they hadn’t been told the truth about how the war was going.
  • Everyone who read the armstice knew Germany had lost.

It made the politicians seem untrustworthy and some facts supported the myth.

88
Q

According to the Armistice, when were hostilities to end?

A

11am.

89
Q

What would happen to German troops according to the Armstice?

A

There would be an immediate withdrawal of German troops from France and Belgium.

90
Q

What would happen to German submarines according to the Armstice?

A

German submarines all to be surrendered

91
Q

What would happen to prisoners of wars according to the armistice?

A

All French Italian and British prisoners of war to be released. German prisoners of war could only be released after the full peace treaty.

92
Q

How many machine guns, airplanes, and trains were the allies to get according to the Armistice?

A

Allies get 25000 machine guns, 1700 aeroplanes, 5000 trains.

93
Q

What was France’s average daily deaths and injuries? (WW1)

A

France had an average of about 890 deaths and 2750
injured per day.

94
Q

What fraction of France’s total population was killed in WW1?

A

1 out of 20 of France’s total population were killed

95
Q

How many men overall were wounded in France in WW1?

A

4,300,000 men were wounded.

96
Q

What happened to France’s northeast in WW1? How much did the destruction cost?

A

France’s entire northeast was destroyed and the destruction cost 55 billion francs.

97
Q

How many Houses were destroyed in France in WW1?

A

220,000.

98
Q

What were the β€œrules” of WW1?

A

Ships carrying civilians and non-war related weapons should not be attacked.

99
Q

What was the cost of WW1 for the USA?

A

$22,625,000,000

22.625 billion

100
Q

What was the cost of WW1 for Great Britain?

A

$35,334,000,000

22.224 billion

100
Q

What was the cost of WW1 for Great Britain?

A

$35,334,000,000

22.224 billion

101
Q

What was the cost of WW1 for France?

A

$24,266,000,000

25.266 billion

102
Q

What was the cost of WW1 for Russia?

A

$22,294,000,000

22.294 billion

103
Q

What was the cost of WW1 for Germany?

A

$37,775,000,000

37.775 billion

104
Q

How many people did the Spanish Civil War kill?

A

50 million

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