History β³ | Introduction π£ | 0.0 Flashcards
Define Tsar.
Russian word for emperor.
Define Great Power.
Countries with considerable military, diplomatic, and economic power and influence.
Define Empire.
An area of territory usually comprising of more than one country, ruled by a single monarch or government.
Define USSR.
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, also known as the Soviet Union.
Define Soviet.
Russian for βcouncilβ or βcommitteeβ.
What important change happened to Russia in the 20th Century?
It changes from a monarchy to a socialist state.
What happened to the life expectancy in the 20th Century?
Drastic increase. However, there was a big gap between life expectancy in Developing and industrial worlds.
What happened to world consumption in the 20th century?
It grew rapidly but it wasnβt fairly distributed. The poor had a smaller share than the rich in 1950.
What happens to energy consumption after 1820?
All forms of energy increase in consumption exponentially since WW1.
What was important about Oil in the first and second world war?
Oil was essential to a countryβs power, ones with more oil were more powerful.
What was replaced as the most important energy source in the 20th century?
Coal, which was replaced by oil.
What was the negative impact of Industrialization?
It has caused unprecedented global warming and harm to the environment.
What did people expect the 20th century to bring?
The start of a new, happy era due to the technological improvements.
What happened to Europeβs empires after the world wars?
Due to the cost of the world wars, Europe lost many of their empires.
How did Germany and Britain see each other in the 20th century?
Germany and Britain saw each other as threats.
What were the βsuperpowersβ in the 20th Century?
Britain, USA, and USSR
(BUU acronym)
What did Germany and France ALWAYS fight over?
The border between them, especially Alsace Lorraine.
In the 20th Century, what was the best way for the government to bring together citizens?
Nationalism.
When did political ideologies emerge?
In the 20th Century.
What was done to try to keep peace in the 20th Century?
There were many peace conferences hoping for peace due to the consequences of possible war.
Define Alliance.
A collection of 2 or more countries that agree to support the other/s if they are attacked by another country.
Define Slav.
A number of ethnic groups in Eastern and South-eastern Europe. They and their languages (such as Russian, Polish, Czech, Serbian) are related and many belong to Orthodox Christian churches.
Define Mobilisation.
Describes all the various actions that need to be taken in order to prepare for war, not just by the soldiers but by the civilians as well.
Define Central Powers.
The German and Austro-Hungarian powers at the beginning of the first world war. The Ottoman Empire joined later and the Kingdom of Bulgaria also did so.
When did the Ottoman Empire join the central powers?
1914
When did the kingdom of Bulgaria join the central powers?
1915
Define patriotism.
Having strong support for your country.
Define blockade.
A form of economic warfare where one country attempts to prevent goods being imported to its rival. Some blockades also ensure that ships cannot get out of port.
Define conscription.
Compulsory military service.
Define Strategy.
A plan intended to achieve an overall long term military aim.
Define peace treaty.
A document that sets out what should happen after a war is over. It is signed by the victors and the losers.
Define Reparations.
A kind of fine paid by an aggressor and intended to make up for loss or damage suffered by a victim.
Define Desertion.
When soldiers leave their post, refuse to obey their officers to obey their officers and walk out from the front.
Define Abdicate (as head of state).
When a king or emperor steps down or gives up the throne.
Define Armistice.
An end of fighting as a prelude to peace negotiations.
Define British blockade.
When Britain prevented supplies from getting to Germany.
What was the world consumption in 1900?
$1.5 trillion.
What was the world consumption in 1998?
$24 trillion
What happened to the USβs crown in oil production?
The US was once one of the largest oil producer but now has to import 60% of its oil.
How much of our forests were destroyed in the 20th century alone?
1/2 of them.
How much of our all time CO2 emissions were in the 20th century?
2/3rds of them.
What were the old imperial empires that broke up in the second half of the 20th century?
Germany, UK, France,
How long did WW1 last?
1914-1918
How long did WW2 last?
1939-1945
What were the 4 causes of ww1?
Alliances, Nationalism, Militarism, and Imperialism.
What were the 2 main alliances in WW1?
The central powers and the allies.
Who were the allies at the start of WW1?
Great Britain, France, Italy, Russiaβ¦
Who joined the allies later in WW1?
Japan and the USA.
Why is the alliance system considered a leading cause of WW1?
The alliance system caused countries to be obligated to support their allies.
Why is Germany blamed for starting WW1 (in terms of alliances)
Because they encouraged Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, causing Russia to support their slav population.
Who were the first to mobilise their armies?
Austria Hungary and Russia.
How is Nationalism considered a leading cause of WW1?
It encouraged competition with neighbouring countries.
What was the naval arms race?
It was when Germany and Britain were in competition to create better warships, creating friction between them.
What caused WW1?
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serb Nationalist, Gavrilo Princip.
How did the assassination of Franz Ferdinand lead to the breakout of WW1?
Austrian government blames it on Serbs and declares war on Serbia. As Serbia has treaty with Russia, they mobilize armyβ¦ and so onβ¦
Who were the central powers?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman empire
What were the war declarations that followed Russiaβs defense of Serbia?
Germany defends Austria, declaring war on Russia. As Germany invades France and Belgium, war declared. Britain defends Belgium and declares war.
How many men were estimated to die daily due to WW1?
5000 men died a day for 4 years.
How did countries non violently damage other countries over seas?
Each side tried to starve each other through blockade.
What was the new zone of combat in WW1?
Air space.
How many German people died in WW1?
1.6 million.
How many French people died in WW1?
1.36 million.
How many Americans died in WW1?
58,000.
How many Russians died in WW1?
1.7 million.
How many Austrio-Hungarians died in WW1?
900,000
How many British people died in WW1?
660,000
What were the new weapons of WW1?
Poison gas, flame-throwers, machine guns, heavy field guns that could shoot further, air strikes.
How did people at the home front of WW1 die?
At home, poorer diet, spread of disease became more common as enemies tried to starve each other. Children and the elderly were undernourished and sick. + air raids.
How did WW1 become a global war?
First Japan and the Ottoman empire joined, then Bulgaria, then Romania and Greece, and the US at the end!
Why did WW1 have a stalemate?
Both sides had gotten modern weaponry making it hard to advance or retreat
Why was WW1 considered the first total war?
All parts of society engaged in the war and were affected by it.
- Mills, factories, mines, and furnaces fully active.
- Governments try to control materials, production, and consprict labour.
How did WW1 create some progress in the old ideals of women?
Society was forced to change their old ideals of women as men were fighting, they worked in places men used to such as industry and farming.
What made the German high command conclude that they would lose the war?
The British Blockade.
Why was 1917 a pivotal year?
- Unrestricted submarine warfare declared by Germany
- US declares war on Germany
- Russian revolution
What did Germany try and do to stop themselves from losing due to the British blockade?
They broke submarine restrictions to torpedo and sink Ally ships and the ships of Neutral countries like the USA, to starve Britain.
When did Germany begin unrestricted submarine warfare?
Jan 1917.
When did the US declare war on Germany?
April 1917.
What did the Russian revolution lead to in WW1?
The Russian empire pulled out of the war after Lenin took over.
What was the peace treaty signed between Russia nd Germany?
The treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
What did Russia lose in the treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
Russia loses 1 million square miles of land (1/3 of oil, coal and iron resources, and population)
How much did Germany demand Russia in the treaty of Brest-Litovosk?
Germany demanded 6 billion German gold marks in reparations.
Why did German soldiers mutiny and desert their posts?
Germany expected to have a chance of winning the war, but they exhausted their resources. There was a lot of Desertion and mutiny due to this.
Why did the German Kaiser abdicate?
He was told that the situation was pointless, and that it would give them a chance of signing a peace treaty.
When did the Kaiser abdicate?
9th November 1918.
When was the WW1 armistice to stop fighting signed?
11 November 1918.
What was the βLegend of the Dolchstossβ
A scheme created by German Generals to save their honor that said that Germany only lost because they were βstabbed in the backβ by the politicians stopping the war when they had not sacrificed anything.
What made the βLegend of the Dolchstossβ believable?
- Never in the war did a foreign army occupy a part of Germany. The army had not really be defeated.
- Citizens were angry that the king was forced to abdicate.
- They realized that they hadnβt been told the truth about how the war was going.
- Everyone who read the armstice knew Germany had lost.
It made the politicians seem untrustworthy and some facts supported the myth.
According to the Armistice, when were hostilities to end?
11am.
What would happen to German troops according to the Armstice?
There would be an immediate withdrawal of German troops from France and Belgium.
What would happen to German submarines according to the Armstice?
German submarines all to be surrendered
What would happen to prisoners of wars according to the armistice?
All French Italian and British prisoners of war to be released. German prisoners of war could only be released after the full peace treaty.
How many machine guns, airplanes, and trains were the allies to get according to the Armistice?
Allies get 25000 machine guns, 1700 aeroplanes, 5000 trains.
What was Franceβs average daily deaths and injuries? (WW1)
France had an average of about 890 deaths and 2750
injured per day.
What fraction of Franceβs total population was killed in WW1?
1 out of 20 of Franceβs total population were killed
How many men overall were wounded in France in WW1?
4,300,000 men were wounded.
What happened to Franceβs northeast in WW1? How much did the destruction cost?
Franceβs entire northeast was destroyed and the destruction cost 55 billion francs.
How many Houses were destroyed in France in WW1?
220,000.
What were the βrulesβ of WW1?
Ships carrying civilians and non-war related weapons should not be attacked.
What was the cost of WW1 for the USA?
$22,625,000,000
22.625 billion
What was the cost of WW1 for Great Britain?
$35,334,000,000
22.224 billion
What was the cost of WW1 for Great Britain?
$35,334,000,000
22.224 billion
What was the cost of WW1 for France?
$24,266,000,000
25.266 billion
What was the cost of WW1 for Russia?
$22,294,000,000
22.294 billion
What was the cost of WW1 for Germany?
$37,775,000,000
37.775 billion
How many people did the Spanish Civil War kill?
50 million
