History β³ | Aftermath and other treaties π€πΌ | 1.2 Flashcards
What were Wilsonβs 4 successes?
- League of nations was established
- Disarmament of the central forces
- Rhineland demilitarized
- Successor states created β Poland was restored
What were Wilsonβs 3 failures?
- Freedom of seas rejected.
- British and French empires increased after taking Germanyβs colonies.
- The US congress never ratified the League of nations
What were Clemenceauβs 4 successes?
- They get Alsace Lorraine back
- The Largest amount of reparations were given to France
- Rhineland buffer zone increases Franceβs security
- Germany is not strong enough to start another war.
What were Clemenceauβs 2 failures?
- France is still not secure
- The US could not ratify the Treaty of Versailles, so Britain refuses to help without help of the US.
What were Lloyd Georgeβs 2 successes?
- British empire grows. They get many places in Africa back.
- British naval supremacy boosted
What places in Africa did Lloyd George get back by the Treaty of Versailles?
- British Togoland
- The northern Cameroons
- German south-west Africa
- German East Africa
Why was Britainβs Naval Supremacy boosted?
One reason is that Germany Scuttled their fleet to get rid of the risk of Britain taking it.
What was Lloydβs failure?
Hoped tensions would fall when reparations were decided, but the reparations were 6.6 billion!
Why was France not fully secure after the Treaty of Versailles?
- America was supported by a whole ocean, Britain by a sea
- Germany had the most reason to invade France
- As US did not ratify treaty, Britain didnβt give support.
Define successor state.
New countries formed following the break-up of an older one, as in the case of Czechoslovakia, Austria and Hungary following the break up of Austria-Hungary.
Define congress.
The USβs elected law-making body, which helps to govern the country. It consists of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives.
Define punitive.
Intended as a punishment.
Define mandates.
Those countries that the Paris Peace Conference had asked the great powers to administer.
Define scuttle.
Means deliberately sinking a ship. In wartime navies may do this so that the enemy cannot capture a vessel and begin to use it themselves.
Define coup.
An attempt by a group to take political power through force, including violence, not by winning and election. It puts political power into the hands of those with the power of armaments not arguments.
What is a βputschβ
Another word for coup.
Define right-wing
Refers to a group or an individual that believes in an ordered society where discipline and tradition are valued. In General, right-wingers are nationalist and in favour of a strong government. Right wingers oppose socialism and communism because they think that social inequality is natural and desirable, and because both pose a threat to private property.
Define left-wing.
Left-wing politics supports social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition of social hierarchy
Define republic.
A state with no monarchy
Define democracy.
Societies where the government has been elected by voters in free and fair elections. Liberal democracies feature freedom of speech, freedom or religion, freedom of the press, and the right to a fair trial.
Define inflation.
When prices go up.
Define hyperinflation.
When prices go up a lot, quickly.
Define coalition government.
A government made up of several different parties, needed because no party has a majority in the Reichstag.
What did article 231 lead to?
Germany was held responsible for causing the war.
Germans felt bitter about this statement, and due to the propaganda were convinced that the war had been the enemyβs fault.
How did the high reparations to Germany anger Germans?
If their resources were taken away, how were they expected to pay the reparations.
How long did the German revolution last?
1918 β 1919
What did the German revolution lead to?
Led to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II
How long did the Weimar republic last?
1919-1933
When did the Weimar constitution become law?
August 1919.
Why did the Spartacist league originate?
They formed to protest Germany joining WWI; they broke off from main Socialist Party who supported the war
What party did the Spartacists create?
Spartacists created German Communist Party; did not think main Socialist Party would go far enough with reforms
Were Spartacists right or left wing?
Left wing.
What happened when the Spartacists seized government officers?
Spartacists seized government offices; wanted general strike; Weimar government fled and left Freikorps to deal with the Communists
Who were the freikorps?
Ex-military, trigger happy, right wing men.
What did the freikorps do to crush the rebellion?
Fired at thousands of protesters to crush rebellion
Who were the Spartacist leaders?
Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Leibneckt
What was the Kapp Putsch?
A coup by the freikorps to overthrows the new republic.
Why did the Kapp Putsch collapse?
Workers went on strike.
When was the Kapp Putsch?
March 1920.
What were the two payments Germany missed, leading to massive hyperinflation?
In 1922, failure to deliver timber payment, and in 1923, failure to deliver coal payment.
What was the invasion of the Ruhr valley?
When 60,000 French and Belgian soldiers moved into the Ruhr valley (Flows into Rhine)
How did the Weimar republic tell citizens to combat the invaders of Rhineland?
Weimar government urged non-violence opposition from the residents in the region: no one should cooperate with invaders
While workers were on strike in Ruhr valley, how were they paid?
They were paid by Weimar government using printed money, causing hyperinflation.
Why was the Rhineland given back to France and Britain?
Due to the massive hyperinflation, there was a coalition government, led by Gustav Stresemann, calls off strikes.
What was the beer hall putsch?
Hitler plots to take over Munich along with two politicians; he has an army ready, but ended up in jail due to being betrayed.
Who were the two politicians Hitler led the beer hall putsch with?
Kahr and Lossow (LOOOOβ SOOOOOOβ WWWW- WWW- WWW)
How did the German police beat Hitler (Beer hall putsch)?
Kahr had tipped off
What was Germanyβs new currency?
The retenmark, which solved hyperinflation.
What was the dawes plan?
When a committee of finance. presided over by an American financier,Charles G. Dawes, decided to review Germanyβs reparation payment terms in the Treaty of Versailles.
When was the Dawes plan?
April 1924.
Why was the Dawes plan created?
Germanyβs strikes won sympathy.
What did the Dawes plan conclude?
- Did NOT change total amount due
- But it lowered the yearly payment amount (that would increase over time as economy recovered)
- And allowed U.S. banks to make loans to Germany
What problem did the Dawes plan create?
It created a cycle of money - US loans Germany, Germany pays France and Britain, Britain repays war loans.
Who did the treaty of Saint-Germain apply to?
Austria.
Who did the treaty of Trianon apply to?
Hungary.
Who did Treaty of Neuilly apply to?
Bulgaria.
Who did the treaty of Sevres apply to?
Turkey.
Who did the Treaty of Lausanne apply to?
Turkey.
When was the treaty of saint germain signed?
1919.
When was the Treaty of Trianon signed?
June 1920.
When was the treaty of Neuilly signed?
November 1919.
When was the Treaty of Sevres to-be signed?
August 1920.
When was the Treaty of Lausanne signed?
July 1923.
What were the terms of the Treaty of saint-Germain? (Remember 3)
G β German Alliance Anschluss forbidden (!)
E β Economic hardship because Austria goes bankrupt
R β Reparations never set (They were late on deciding and when they did there was not money to be taken as they were bankrupt) (!)
M β Many new states created β loses 60% of land (!)
A β Army limited to 30,000 soldiers
I β Industry lost
N β No conscription or Navy (!)
What were the terms of the Treaty of Trianon? (Remember 3)
T β Territorial losses
R β Reparations are 200 million gold coins (!)
I β Insult to national honor (Most Hungarians thought)
A β Army limited to 35000 (!)
N β No navy
O β Outside the kingdom there were 3.3 million hungarians (!)
N β No conscription (!)
What were the terms of the Treaty of Neuilly? (Remember 3)
N β No access to Aegean sea (!)
E β Expected to pay 100 million pounds in reparations (!)
U β Understood as βsecond national catastropheβ in Bulgaria
I β Incised army to 20,000 volunteers (!)
L β Less harshly treated than other central powers
L β Lost airforce (only 4 torpedo boats) (!)
Y β Yugoslavia, Romania, Czechoslovia, and Greece got their land.
What were the terms of the Treaty of Sevres? (Remember 3)
S β Swathes of land to Britain and France
E β Ottoman Empire broken up (!)
V β Very tight control of finances by allies. (!)
R β Reduced army to 50,700 men and 6 torpedo boats (!)
E β Established zones of influence by British, French, and Italians within Turkey.
S β Smyrna given to Greece; Rhodes to Italy (!)
What were the terms of the treaty of Lausanne? (remember 3)
L β Let Cyprus, Egypt, Syria, Sudan, Iraq (CESSI) go
A β Amnesty for all crimes between 1914-1922 (!)
U β United the republic of Turkey (New constitution written) (!)
S β Settles boundaries of Greece, Bulgaria, and Turkey.
A - βAbject, cowardly and infamous surrender,β said Lloyd George (He didnβt like the treaty)
N β No reparations to be paid (!)
N β No military restrictions on army (!)
E β Endures to this day β the only treaty still in place.
Did the treaty of Trianon landlock Hungary?
They lost access to the Aegean sea, the only sea that takes them to the ocean (For trade).
What were the aillies aiming to do with the treaty of Sevres?
Influence all parts with access to the Aegean sea (LANDLOCK), and take over areas with the most Crude oil, oil, and other Natural resources.
Why was the Treaty of Sevres not signed?
Due to the Turkish war of Independence, there was a nationalist movement that forced them to negotiate and create a new treaty.
What is the DRAWL acronym?
D - Diktat - The treaty was a diktat
R - Reparations were 6.6 billion
A - Armaments - no air force, army limited to 100,000, navy 6 ships, no submarines, Rhineland demilitarised.
W - War guilt - Germany held to blame for the war
L - Loss of territory - Loss of territory reduced German colonies
Why didnβt the US senate ratify the treaty of Versailles?
Wilson failed delivering the speech.
Which treaty lost Western Thrace to France?
Bulgaria - Neuilly
When was the plebiscite in Schleswig?
1920
What was the plebiscite in Schleswig about?
Whether it should be part of Germany or Denmark
What was the result of the Schleswig plebiscite?
The area was partitioned
When did Germany scuttle their fleet?
21 June 1919
When was the Treaty of Rapallo signed?
16 April 1922
What were the terms of the Treaty of Rapallo?
- Both Germany and the USSR gave up all territorial and financial claims against the other following Brest-Litvosk
- They agreed to restore diplomatic relations
- Secretly, it had the agreement allowing German troops to train with heavy weapons in the USSR
How did the ToV bring the USSR and the Weimar Republic together?
- Both lost WW1
- Both werent allowed to join the League
- Both were excluded from Paris Peace negotiations
What % of Germanyβs iron was lost due to the ToV?
75% of iron
What % of Germanyβs coal was lost due to the ToV?
26% of coal deposits
What % of Germanyβs land was lost due to the ToV?
13% of land
Who was Albert Leo Schlageter?
A lietenant of WW1, who joined the Freikorps, Kapp Putsch, and nazis, who led a group of nationalist saboteur operations agains French occupation of the Ruhr
Treaty of Saint Germain: Military terms
- Army limited to 30,000
- Conscription ban
- No navy
- No airforce
Treaty of Saint Germain: Economic terms
Economy was bankrupt; not agreed
Treaty of Saint Germain: Territorial terms
- Article 88 / Anschluss ban
- 16% of territory losy
- Austrio-Hungarian empire dismantled
- Tyrol to Italy
- Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslovakia, Romania (PCYR) gained land
- Population falls from 22M to 6M
Treaty of Trianon: Military terms
- Army limited to 35,000
- Conscription ban
- No navy
- 3 patrol boats
Treaty of Trianon: Economic terms
- Due to bankrupcy couldnβt pay money
- Only could pay some coal
Treaty of Trianon: Territorial terms
- 3.3 million Hungarians out of Hungary
- Czechoslovakia, Yugoslovakia, Romania (CYR) gained land from Hungary
- Landlocked
Treaty of Neuilly: Military terms
- Army limited to 20,000 soldiers
- No conscription
- 4 torpedo boats
- No air force
Treaty of Neuilly: Economic terms
100 million pounds
Treaty of Neuilly: Territorial terms
- Western Thrace to Greece
- Bulgaria cut off from Aegean sea
- Other areas given to Yugoslovakia and Romania (YR)
Treaty of Sevres: Military terms
- Army limited to 50,700 men
- No air force
- 7 sailboats
- 6 torpedo boats
Treaty of Sevres: Territorial Terms
Ottoman Empire broken up - Iraq and Palestine become British mandates - Syria becomes French mandate - Straits of Dardanelle placed under international control - Armenia made independent
Allies had zones of influence in Turkey designed to extract natural resources and landlock. They also had strict control of finances.
Treaty of Lausanne: Territorial changes
- Gave up claims to CESSI (Cyprus, Egypt, Sudan, Syria, Iraq)
- Boundaies of Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria settled
