Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IGCSEs > Biology πŸƒ | Plant Reproduction | 16.1 > Flashcards

Biology πŸƒ | Plant Reproduction | 16.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define reproduction.

A

The process where more of the same species is created for longevity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

A process of reproduction resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the major difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?

A
  • Sexual reproduction requires two parents / asexual reproduction requires one
  • In sexual reproduction, offspring are unique / in asexual reproduction they are identical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does mitosis take place?

A
  • In most unicellular organisms
  • In animal cells, for growth - body / somatic cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • Produces more offspring
  • Asexual reproduction takes less time
  • Only one parent is involved, no search for mates
  • Takes less energy
  • Inheriting of features from a parents (good adapted)
  • High turnover rate for crops
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • Natural selection is not possible
  • No genetic variation - same DNA passed down
  • A disease may affect all in a population
  • Species may only be suited to one habitat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does asexual reproduction work in a runner?

A

Food is conducted from the parent to the daughter plant, via tiny horizontal plantlets that when they reach the ground, grow roots and develop into full plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does asexual reproduction work in a bulb?

A

They are underground food storage organs with fleshy leaves that store food and grow and develop into new plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does asexual reproduction work in a tuber?

A

They have underground food stores. Groups of cells in the tuber use this food to produce the energy needed for cell division. These cells then grow and develop into new plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

The process of reproduction involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define fertilisation.

A

The fusion of nuclei of gametes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • Variation in offspring helps in evolution
  • Organism is protected because of genetic variation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • Requires two organisms, need for a mate
  • Requires more energy and respiration
  • More time is needed to develop the offspring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the difference between diploid and haploid?

A

A diploid has two pairs of chromosomes, a haploid has only one.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do bacteria asexually reproduce?

A

Via binary fission / mitosis, where each bacteria divides into two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do fungi asexually reproduce?

A
  • Yeast uses binary fission
  • Other fungi use spores
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The nuclei of gametes are _ and the nuclei of a zygote is _

A

Gametes are haploid, zygotes are diploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • Variation in offspring helps in evolution
  • Organism is protected because of genetic variation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • Takes more time and energy
  • Good characteristics can be lost
  • Requires finding a mate: requires two organisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define carpel

A

The female part of a flower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define stamen

A

The male part of a flower

22
Q

Which organs are found in the carpel?

A
  • Stigma
  • Style
  • Ovary
  • Ovule
23
Q

Which organs are found in the stamen?

A

Anther and filament

24
Q

What is the sepal’s function?

A

Protecting the flower bud

25
Q

What is the petal’s function?

A

Attracting insects through nice colors

26
Q

What does the anther contain?

A

Pollen sacs with pollen grains

27
Q

What is the function of a stigma?

A

To be a platform for a pollen grain to land on

28
Q

What is an ovary in plants?

A

A hollow chamber where ovules grow from walls

29
Q

Define pollination

A

Transfer of pollen grains from the male part of the plant to the female part of the plant

30
Q

What are the agents of pollination?

A

Insects, birds, mammals, water and wind

31
Q

What are petals like in wind pollinated plants?

A
  • Small or absent
  • Not colorful
  • Scentless
  • No nectaries
32
Q

What are petals like in insect pollinated plants?

A
  • Large, as a landing platform
  • Colorful
  • Scented
  • Have nectaries
33
Q

What are pollen grains like in wind pollinated plants?

A
  • Small, in large quantities
  • Dry and dusty
  • Smooth coated
  • Light, easily carried by wind
34
Q

What are pollen grains like in insect pollinated plants?

A
  • Larger, heavier
  • Sticky
  • Rough coated
  • In smaller quantities
35
Q

What is the anther like in wind pollinated plants?

A
  • Held outside flower in the wind
  • Relatively large
36
Q

What is the anther like in insect pollinated plants?

A
  • Protected within flower, where insects touch them
  • Relatively small
37
Q

What are stigmas like in wind pollinated plants?

A
  • Large surface area
  • Outside flower
38
Q

What are stigmas like in insect pollinated plants?

A
  • Smaller surface area
  • Inside flower
39
Q

Define self pollination

A

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or a different flower on the same plant

40
Q

Define cross pollination

A

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species

41
Q

Why can self-pollination be disadvantageous?

A

It reduces genetic variety of the offspring as all the gametes come from the same parent.
If environmental conditions change, offspring are less likely to have adaptations that suit the new conditions well.

42
Q

Why can cross-pollination be disadvantageous?

A

Cross-pollination relies completely on the presence of pollinators and this can be a problem if those pollinators are missing.
This doesn’t apply to wind-pollinated plants

43
Q

When does fertilisation occur in a plant?

A

When a pollen nucleus fuses with a nucleus in an ovule

44
Q

How does a pollen nucleus get to an ovule?

A

A pollen grain lands on stigma and creates a tunnel down the style, through the micropyle, to the ovules.

45
Q

Define Germination

A

The start of growth of a seed

46
Q

What factors are needed for germination?

A
  • Water
  • Oxygen
  • Temperature
47
Q

Why is water needed for germination?

A

Allows the seed to swell up so the testa splits, and allows enzymes to start working

48
Q

Why is oxygen needed for germination?

A

It allows energy release from chemical reactions (respiration)

49
Q

Why is warmth needed for germination?

A

It has to be a suitable temperature for enzymes to work

50
Q

How might you prevent oxygen reaching a seed in a germination experiment?

A

By placing the seed in water and then having a layer of oil above

IGCSEs (68 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions