Biology 🍃 | Plant Reproduction | 16.1

Question 1

Define reproduction.

Answer 1

The process where more of the same species is created for longevity.

Question 2

What is asexual reproduction?

Answer 2

A process of reproduction resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent.

Question 3

What is the major difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?

Answer 3

• Sexual reproduction requires two parents / asexual reproduction requires one
• In sexual reproduction, offspring are unique / in asexual reproduction they are identical

Question 4

Where does mitosis take place?

Answer 4

• In most unicellular organisms
• In animal cells, for growth - body / somatic cells

Question 5

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

Answer 5

• Produces more offspring
• Asexual reproduction takes less time
• Only one parent is involved, no search for mates
• Takes less energy
• Inheriting of features from a parents (good adapted)
• High turnover rate for crops

Question 6

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

Answer 6

• Natural selection is not possible
• No genetic variation - same DNA passed down
• A disease may affect all in a population
• Species may only be suited to one habitat

Question 7

How does asexual reproduction work in a runner?

Answer 7

Food is conducted from the parent to the daughter plant, via tiny horizontal plantlets that when they reach the ground, grow roots and develop into full plants.

Question 8

How does asexual reproduction work in a bulb?

Answer 8

They are underground food storage organs with fleshy leaves that store food and grow and develop into new plants.

Question 9

How does asexual reproduction work in a tuber?

Answer 9

They have underground food stores. Groups of cells in the tuber use this food to produce the energy needed for cell division. These cells then grow and develop into new plants.

Question 10

What is sexual reproduction?

Answer 10

The process of reproduction involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other

Question 11

Define fertilisation.

Answer 11

The fusion of nuclei of gametes.

Question 12

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

Answer 12

• Variation in offspring helps in evolution
• Organism is protected because of genetic variation

Question 13

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

Answer 13

• Requires two organisms, need for a mate
• Requires more energy and respiration
• More time is needed to develop the offspring

Question 14

What is the difference between diploid and haploid?

Answer 14

A diploid has two pairs of chromosomes, a haploid has only one.

Question 15

How do bacteria asexually reproduce?

Answer 15

Via binary fission / mitosis, where each bacteria divides into two

Question 16

How do fungi asexually reproduce?

Answer 16

• Yeast uses binary fission
• Other fungi use spores

Question 17

The nuclei of gametes are _ and the nuclei of a zygote is _

Answer 17

Gametes are haploid, zygotes are diploid

Question 18

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

Answer 18

• Variation in offspring helps in evolution
• Organism is protected because of genetic variation

Question 19

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

Answer 19

• Takes more time and energy
• Good characteristics can be lost
• Requires finding a mate: requires two organisms

Question 20

Define carpel

Answer 20

The female part of a flower

Question 21

Define stamen

Answer 21

The male part of a flower

Question 22

Which organs are found in the carpel?

Answer 22

• Stigma
• Style
• Ovary
• Ovule

Question 23

Which organs are found in the stamen?

Answer 23

Anther and filament

Question 24

What is the sepal’s function?

Answer 24

Protecting the flower bud

Question 25

What is the petal's function?

Answer 25

Attracting insects through nice colors

Question 26

What does the anther contain?

Answer 26

Pollen sacs with pollen grains

Question 27

What is the function of a stigma?

Answer 27

To be a platform for a pollen grain to land on

Question 28

What is an ovary in plants?

Answer 28

A hollow chamber where ovules grow from walls

Question 29

Define pollination

Answer 29

Transfer of pollen grains from the male part of the plant to the female part of the plant

Question 30

What are the agents of pollination?

Answer 30

Insects, birds, mammals, water and wind

Question 31

What are petals like in wind pollinated plants?

Answer 31

- Small or absent - Not colorful - Scentless - No nectaries

Question 32

What are petals like in insect pollinated plants?

Answer 32

- Large, as a landing platform - Colorful - Scented - Have nectaries

Question 33

What are pollen grains like in wind pollinated plants?

Answer 33

- Small, in large quantities - Dry and dusty - Smooth coated - Light, easily carried by wind

Question 34

What are pollen grains like in insect pollinated plants?

Answer 34

- Larger, heavier - Sticky - Rough coated - In smaller quantities

Question 35

What is the anther like in wind pollinated plants?

Answer 35

- Held outside flower in the wind - Relatively large

Question 36

What is the anther like in insect pollinated plants?

Answer 36

- Protected within flower, where insects touch them - Relatively small

Question 37

What are stigmas like in wind pollinated plants?

Answer 37

- Large surface area - Outside flower

Question 38

What are stigmas like in insect pollinated plants?

Answer 38

- Smaller surface area - Inside flower

Question 39

Define self pollination

Answer 39

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or a different flower on the same plant

Question 40

Define cross pollination

Answer 40

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species

Question 41

Why can self-pollination be disadvantageous?

Answer 41

It reduces genetic variety of the offspring as all the gametes come from the same parent. If environmental conditions change, offspring are less likely to have adaptations that suit the new conditions well.

Question 42

Why can cross-pollination be disadvantageous?

Answer 42

Cross-pollination relies completely on the presence of pollinators and this can be a problem if those pollinators are missing. This doesn’t apply to wind-pollinated plants

Question 43

When does fertilisation occur in a plant?

Answer 43

When a pollen nucleus fuses with a nucleus in an ovule

Question 44

How does a pollen nucleus get to an ovule?

Answer 44

A pollen grain lands on stigma and creates a tunnel down the style, through the micropyle, to the ovules.

Question 45

Define Germination

Answer 45

The start of growth of a seed

Question 46

What factors are needed for germination?

Answer 46

- Water - Oxygen - Temperature

Question 47

Why is water needed for germination?

Answer 47

Allows the seed to swell up so the testa splits, and allows enzymes to start working

Question 48

Why is oxygen needed for germination?

Answer 48

It allows energy release from chemical reactions (respiration)

Question 49

Why is warmth needed for germination?

Answer 49

It has to be a suitable temperature for enzymes to work

Question 50

How might you prevent oxygen reaching a seed in a germination experiment?

Answer 50

By placing the seed in water and then having a layer of oil above