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TOPNOTCHER > ETHICS (Day 45) > Flashcards

ETHICS (Day 45) Flashcards

1
Q
  • It comes from the Greek word “ethos” which means
A

customs” or “moral

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2
Q

It is a study of the morality of human acts and moral agents, what makes an act obligatory, and what makes a person accountable.

A

Ethics

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3
Q

3 Branches of Ethics

A

1,Metaethics
2. Normative Ethics
3. Applied Ethics

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4
Q

Studies the very foundation of morality itself

A

Metaethics

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5
Q

Morality is Factual /moral facts

A

MORAL REALISM

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6
Q

Belief that there are MORAL FACTS, in the same way that there are scientific facts

A

MORAL REALISM

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7
Q

In this view, any moral moral proposition can only be TRUE, or FALSE

A

MORAL REALISM

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8
Q

Our gut______ tells us that there are ______ some things are just wrong, and others are indisputably right.

A

intuition
moral facts-

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9
Q

MORAL REALISM can either be:

A
  1. MORAL ABSOLUTISM
  2. MORAL RELATIVISM
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10
Q

There are absolute standards

A

MORAL ABSOLUTISM

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11
Q

we have the same morality to follow, moral facts should be universal
Ex killing innocent people.

A

MORAL ABSOLUTISM

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12
Q

More than one moral position on a given topic can be correct
Ex. Cultural relativism

A

Moral relativism

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13
Q

Viewpoints depend in where country you belong because of different culture

A

Moral relativism

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14
Q

2 kinds of Moral Relativism

A
  1. descriptive cultural relativism
  2. normative cultural relativism
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15
Q

2 kinds of Moral Relativism;

describing without judgement

A

descriptive cultural relativism

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16
Q

2 kinds of Moral Relativism;

people’s moral beliefs differ from culture to culture, needed to have observer’s perspective

A

descriptive cultural relativism

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17
Q

2 kinds of Moral Relativism;

it’s not your beliefs but moral facts themselves that differ from culture to culture

A

Normative Cultural Relativism

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18
Q

2 kinds of Moral Relativism;

defend your own Culture

A

Normative Cultural Relativism

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19
Q

The concept of morality is changing. Morality is constructed

A

MORAL ANTIREALISM

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20
Q

Belief that moral propositions don’t refer to objective features of the world at all. There are NO MORAL FACTS

A

MORAL ANTIREALISM

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21
Q

Personal attitude subjective in reference to the personal attitudes

A

Moral Subjectivism

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22
Q

Moral statements can be true and false- right or wrong - but they refer only to people’s attitudes, rather than their actions

A

Moral Subjectivism

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23
Q

expected behavior constructed by society

A

NORMATIVE ETHICS

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24
Q

Deals with “norms” or set of considerations on how one should act.

A

NORMATIVE ETHICS

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25
Q

Study of ethical action and set out the rightness or wrongness of the actions. Known as PRESCRIPTIVE ETHICS

A

NORMATIVE ETHICS

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26
Q

2 TYPES OF STANDARDS

A
  1. Moral Standards
  2. Non- Moral Standards
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27
Q

are norms, prescriptions or rules used in determining what ought to be done or what is right or wrong action, what is good or bad character.

A

MORAL STANDARDS

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28
Q

NON-COMPLIANCE of Moral Standards causes

A

SENSE OF GUILT.

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29
Q

are rules unrelated to MORAL or ETHICAL considerations. No fell sense of guilt

A

NON-MORAL STANDARDS.

30
Q

They are guides of action that should be followed as expected by SOCIETY’s social rules, demands of etiquette, and good manners.

A

NON-MORAL STANDARDS.

31
Q

In Sociology, non-moral standards or rules are called

A

FOLKWAYS

32
Q

Examples of Moral Standards

A
  1. Do not lie
  2. Do not cheat
  3. Do not steal
  4. Do not kill
  5. Do not commit adultery
33
Q

Examples of Non- Moral Standards

A
  1. No talking while your mouth is full
  2. Wear black or white for mourning; never red
  3. The males should be the one to propose marriage not females.
34
Q

MORAL STANDARDS are either

A
  1. CONSEQUENCE STANDARDS
  2. NON-CONSEQUENCE STANDARDS
35
Q

The end justifies the means

A

TELEOLOGICAL/CONSEQUENTIALIST

36
Q

from TELE which means END, RESULT, or CONSEQUENCE depends on results or outcome.

A

TELEOLOGICAL/CONSEQUENTIALIST

37
Q

An act that results in the general welfare, in the greatest good of the greatest number, is moral

A

TELEOLOGICAL/CONSEQUENTIALIST

38
Q

sense of duty

A

DEONTOLOGICAL

39
Q

Holds that the rightness or wrongness of an action or rule depends on SENSE OF DUTY, NATURAL LAW, VIRTUE, and the DEMAND of the SITUATION or CIRCUMSTANCES

A

DEONTOLOGICAL

40
Q

Deontological Moral Standards;
NVS

A
  1. Natural Law
  2. Virtue Ethics
  3. Situation Ethics
41
Q

is the law of God revealed through human reason.

A

NATURAL LAW

42
Q

It is the “law of Gad written in the hearts of men.” the conscience
The rule that says “do good and avoid evil”

A

NATURAL LAW

43
Q

What is moral is “what a virtuous person does”

A

VIRTUE ETHICS (Aristotle)

44
Q

One attains ____ when he/she actualizes his/her potential or possibilities, the highest of which is ____

A

virtue
HAPPINESS.

45
Q

The rightness or the wrongness of the act depends on the ________or CIRCUMSTANCES requiring or demanding exception to rule.

A

SITUATION
SITUATION ETHICS (Aristotle).

46
Q

Priority Yourself

A

SITUATION ETHICS (Aristotle).

47
Q

attempts to APPLY ethical principles and moral theories to REAL-LIFE MORAL ISSUES

A

APPLIED ETHICS

48
Q

Deals with ethical questions specific to practical fields
Euthanasia, child labor, abortion etc.

A

APPLIED ETHICS

49
Q

Domains of Applied Ethics

A

Business Ethics
Clinical Ethics
Organizational Ethics
Social Ethics

50
Q

Also referred to as ETHICAL DILEMMA

A

MORAL DILEMMA

51
Q

is a situation where a person has the moral obligation to choose between TWO OPTIONS both based on moral standards, but he/she can’t choose both, and choosing means violating the other.

A

MORAL DILEMMA

52
Q

Valid vs valid

A

MORAL DILEMMA

53
Q

MORAL DILEMMA have the following in common:

A
  1. The agent is required to do each of two (or more) actions which are morally unacceptable
    2.The agent can do each of the actions
    3.But the agent cannot do both (or all) of the actions
54
Q

The persons involved in the dilemma are in a DEADLOCK

A

MORAL DILEMMA

55
Q

Damn-if-you-do and Damn-if-you-don’t

A

MORAL DILEMMA

56
Q

valid vs Invalid

A

FALSE DILEMMA

57
Q

Is a situation where the decision-maker has a moral duty to do one thing, but is tempted or under pressure to do something else.

A

FALSE DILEMMA

58
Q

LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMA

A

✓ Individual
✓ Organizational
✓ Structural

59
Q

LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMA;

refers to personal dilemmas

A

INDIVIDUAL DILEMMA

60
Q

LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMA;

It is an individual’s damn-if-you-do and damn-if- you-don’t situation

A

INDIVIDUAL DILEMMA

61
Q

LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMA;

self Vs organizational rules

A

ORGANIZATIONAL DILEMMA

62
Q

LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMA;

Exists between PERSONAL INTEREST and ORGANIZATION WELFARE or between individual groups’ interests and organizational well-being.

A

ORGANIZATIONAL DILEMMA

63
Q

LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMA;

A conflict of perspective of sectors, groups and institutions that may be affected by the decision.

A

STRUCTURAL DILEMMA

64
Q

LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMA;

Organization vs Organization

A

STRUCTURAL DILEMMA

65
Q

LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMA;

Any attempt to introduce reform in society or government creates structural a dilemma

A

STRUCTURAL DILEMMA

66
Q

Examples of STRUCTURAL DILEMMA

A
  1. Differentiation vs. Integration
  2. Gap vs. Overlap
  3. Lack of Clarity vs. Lack of Creativity
  4. Flexibility vs. Strict Adherence to Rules
  5. Excessive Autonomy vs. Excessive Interdependence
  6. Centralized vs. Decentralized Decision Making
67
Q

Examples of STRUCTURAL DILEMMA;

In effect local governments and schools have likewise become MORE DIFFERENTIATED and so it becomes more difficult to INTEGRATE them for a unified structure.

A

Differentiation vs. Integration

68
Q

Examples of STRUCTURAL DILEMMA;

-leave an important thing in an organization UNDONE no respondent A patient wanted something however, her call button rarely produced a response.
There is a GAP as to who according

-result in unnecessary and counterproductive, redundant respondent) procedures which ultimately lead to waste of resources.

A

Gap vs. Overlap

69
Q

Examples of STRUCTURAL DILEMMA;

When employees are UNCLEAR about what they are supposed to do, they often tailor their roles around PERSONAL
PREFERENCES instead of system-wide goals, frequently leading to trouble

When responsibilities are over-defined, people fob conform to PRESCRIBED ROLES and PROTOCOLS in a” bureaucratic way.
They rigidly follow job descriptions regardless of how much the service or product suffers and so end up UNCREATIVE.

A

Lack of Clarity vs. Lack of Creativity

70
Q

Examples of STRUCTURAL DILEMMA;

You accommodate by BENDING RULES to help someone or you STICK STRICTLY TO RULES no matter what and so unable to help someone who is thrown into a helpless situation.

or you may become too accommodating that all rules are no more

A

Flexibility vs. Strict Adherence to Rules

71
Q

Examples of STRUCTURAL DILEMMA;

Refers to being TOO ISOLATED versus TOO MUCH COORDINATION, When individuals/groups are too autonomous, people often feel isolated and disconnected.

If units and roles are TIGHTLY LINKED, people are DISTRACTED from work and WASTE TIME on UNNECESSARY or TOO MUCH COORDINATION

A

Excessive Autonomy vs. Excessive Interdependence

72
Q

Examples of STRUCTURAL DILEMMA;

o In decentralized decision-making, organizations can respond to change RAPIDLY and EFFECTIVELY because the decision makers are the people CLOSEST TO THE SITUATION.

о However, TOP MANAGERS may LOSE SOME CONTROL.

A

Centralized vs. Decentralized Decision Making

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