Biology (Day 7) Flashcards
autotrophic they can produce their own food), multicellular, cell wal is made up of cellulose, has green pigment for photosynthesis
plant
the most abundant organic compound
cellulose
study of plants
botany
kingdom of plant
metaphyta/plantea
all flowering plants and fruit bearing plants
angiosperms
male parts
anther
filament
pollen grain
stamen
female parts
stigma
ovary
style
ovula
pastil/carpel
all flower parts
complete flower
gumamela
embryos
monocot
one cotyledon
leaf variation
monocot
parallel
stems
monocot
vascular bundles usually complexly arranged
roots
monocot
fibrous
flowers
monocot
multiple of three
embryos
dicot
two
leaf variation
dicot
netlike
stems
dicot
arranged in ring
roots
dicot
taproot
flower
dicot
multiple of four or five
photosynthesis, storage, metabolism, alive after mutation
parenchyma
thickening, and flexible support, give support, aive after mutation
collenchyma
thickening, protection, dead at maturity
sclerenchyma
coverage of the plant, covered with cuticle in the shoot of the plants
epidermis
paired sausage creating a stoma (transpiration- evaporation of water from the leaves
guard cells
hair on the root for absorption of water and minerals
root hair
water absorption and anchorage
roots
support shoots and transport
stems
phtotosynthesis, transpiration, exchange of gases
leaves
broad and flat part of a leaf
leaf blade
line
leaf veins
stalk of a leaf
petiole
butterfly like appendages
stipules
plant growth and development
auxin
gaseous plant hormone, fruit ripening
ethylene
class of plant hormone that regualtes cell division, cell differentiation, and cell growth
cytokinin
seed germination, flowering and fruit development
gibberellin
dormancy in response to environmental stress
abscisic acid
study of animals
zoology
simplest animal, lack true tissues and organs, they are filter feeders. have a porous body structure
porifera
sponges
porifera
characterized by the prsensce of cnidoyctes which contain stinging structure called nematocysts
cnidaria
jellyfish, corals, sea anemones and hydras
cnidaria
unsegmented, cylindrical
nematoda/roundworms
ascaris, pinworms
nematoda/roundworm
known as flatworm, are soft bodied invertebrates that have flattened body shape
platyhelminthes
planarians, tapeworms, flukes
Platyhelminthes
segmented worm, each segment has a repeating nephridia (kidney-like organ), have a hydrostatic skeleton and a closed circulatory system
annelida
largest phylum, have jointed appendages, and exoskeleton made of chitin, and a segmented body
anthropoda
insects __
arachnids__
crustaceans __
myriapods__
anthropoda
6
8
10
8
have a soft body often protected by a hard shell, they have a muscular foot for locomotion, a visceral mass containing organs, and a mantle that may secrete the shell
mollusca
snails, clams, squids, octopus
mollusca
spiny or bumpy skin and a unique water vascular system that aids in locomotion, feeding, and respiration, exhibit radial symmetry as adults
echinodermata
sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumber
echinodermata
with a notochord (backbone), a hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits or pouches, and a post anal tai
chordata
diverse range of organism from fish and birds to reptile, mammals, and humans
chordata
study of heredity and variation
genetics
genetic is coined by
william bateson or imre festetics
units or factors of heredity, and coined by
genes
wilhelm johanssen or walter sutton
discrete variation or alternative form of genes
alleles
father of genetics, spent 12 years of studying, botanist
gregor johann mendel
two contrasting expression of traits, fast rate, sizeable data, hardy plants, not needing much care, self an cross pollination
pisum sativum
3 more possible alleles, the ABO blood group, determined by multiple alleles
multiple alleles
intermediate phenotype of the two parental varieties
ex. four o’clock flower, snap dragon
incomplete dominance
two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separata
Ex. speckled feather of chicken
codominance
traits are expresses
exclusively in one sex or species
Ex. lactation in cattle is expressed in females
sex-limited traits
expressed in both sexes but more frequent in one that the other sex
Ex. Baldness in humans common in males
sex-influenced trait
found in the sex chromosome, occurs mostly in males
Ex. males are colorblind that females because ,males only have one X chromosome
sex-linked traits ( x-inheritance)
DNA molecule makes an identical copy of itself
DNA replication
the amount of purines (Adenine and Guanine) equals the amount of pyrimidines ( Thymine and cytosine )
base pairing rule by chargaff’s rule
adenine always pair with thymine and guanine always pair with cytosine in the DNA double helix
rule of complementary base by chargaff’s rule
information encoded in a DNA sequence is copied into a complementary RNA molecule
transcription
the mRNA carries the genetics instructions from the DNA in the cell nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm
transcription
in transcription thymine is replaced by
uracil
information in mRNA is used to synthesize a specific protein this occurs in ____ where transfer tRNA molecules bring the appropriate amino acids tot he ribosome based on the ___
ribosome
codons
three letter sequence in mRNA, sets of three nucleotides (base triplets)
codons
there are __ possible codons but only ___ of them code for amino acids
64
61
stop codons, signal the end of protein synthesis and do not code for any amino acids
UUU, UAG, UGA
start codon, initiating the translation process
AUG
frequently used in proteins
UUU(phenylalanine)
UUC ( phenylalanine )
AAA ( lysine)
UGG (trytophan)
involved in growth, repair, and maintenance of somatic (body) cells
mitosis
essential for sexual reproduction, production of sex cell or gametes
meiosis
produce genetically identical daughter cells since there is no exchange of genetic material between chromosomes
mitosis
generates genetic diversity in offspring through process like crossing over (exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes)
meiosis
occurs in somatic (body) cells to replace damage or worn out cells and promote growth
mitosis
occurs in specialized cells (germ cells)
meiosis
the resulting cells are haploid and genetically distinct from each other due to genetic recombination
meiosis
consist of one division includes stages like PMAT
mitosis
the resulting cells are diploid and genetically identical to the parent cell
mitosis
consist of two division
meiosis
