Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

SBL > Disorders of Pigmentation and Melanocytes > Flashcards

Disorders of Pigmentation and Melanocytes Flashcards

1
Q

Most common pigmented lesion of childhood?

A

Freckle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When does a Freckle arise?

A

AFTER sun exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Can Freckles fade or darken, if so, when?

A

Yes, with season changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What spots are seen with Neurofibromatosis?

A

Cafe au lait spots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cafe au lait spots are seen with what condition?

A

Neurofibromatosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When do Cafe au lait spots arise?

A

INDEPENDENT of sun exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do Cafe au lait spots compare to Freckles?

A
  • Larger
  • Contain aggregated melanosomes (macromelanosomes) in the cytoplasm of melanocytes
  • Do not correlate with sun exposure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lentigo

A

Benign localized hyperplasia of melanocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Benign localized hyperplasia of melanocytes

A

Lentigo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When is Lentigo initiated?

A

Childhood but occurs at all ages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does Lentigo react when exposed to light?

A

(hyperplasia of melanocytes)

= Does NOT darken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does Lentigo look on histology?

A

Linear melanocytic hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Histologically, Lentigo is restricted to?

A

To cell layer immediately ABOVE basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is restricted to the cell layer immediately ABOVE the basement membrane?

A

Lentigo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Linear melanocyte hyperplasia?

A

Lentigo

- Benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A Melanocytic Nevus is a?

A

Mole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mole

A

Melanocytic Nevus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Melanocytic Nevi are acquired by mutations in components of what signaling pathways?

A

RAS and BRAF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Melanocytic Nevi have activating mutations in RAS and BRAF that are only active for a limited time. What causes permanent growth arrest?

A

P16/INK4a cause permanent growth arrest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do Melanocytic Nevi usually look?

A

Usually small <6mm, well defined borders and one color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Junctional Nevi

A

Nest at dermoepidermal junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Type of Nevi that nest at dermoepidermal junction

A

Junctional Nevi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Compound Nevi

A

Nest in the epidermis and the dermis

24
Q

Type of Nevi that nest in the epidermis and dermis

A

Compound Nevi

25
Q

Intradermal Nevi

A

NO epidermal nests; usually older lesions

26
Q

Type of nevi with NO epidermal nests

A

Intradermal Nevi - usually older

27
Q

Describe how Melanocytic Nevi look from superficial to deeper tissues histologically

A
  • Nests of large round cells
  • Smaller, single cells
  • Fusiform; fascicles resembling neural tissue
28
Q

Superficial nests of large round cells that transitions into smaller cells and then into fascicles the deeper into the tissue suggests?

A

Melanocytic Nevi

29
Q

Dysplastic Nevi have an increased risk of developing into?

30
Q

Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome

A

> 50% chance to develop Melanoma by age 60

- Autosomal Dominant

31
Q

What genes are mutated with Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome?

A

CDKN2A or CDK4

32
Q

Those with Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome will likely develop?

A

Multiple dysplastic nevi and melanoma

33
Q

Dysplastic Nevi acquire activating mutations in what pathways?

A

NRAS and BRAF

34
Q

Histo - Dysplastic Nevi are ____ than acquired Nevi

35
Q

Histo - How do Dysplastic Nevi look?

A

Irregular borders with varied pigmentation and nests may coalesce

36
Q

Histo - what cells will infiltrate superficial dermis with Dysplastic Nevi?

A

Lymphocytes

37
Q

Histo - With Dysplastic Nevi, what surrounds the epidermal rete ridges?

38
Q

What is Shouldering?

A

Extension of junctional component beyond the dermal nests of melanocytes - corresponds to the periphery of lesion

39
Q

What is Atypia and what is it seen with?

A

Irregular nucleus with hyperchromasia

- Dysplastic Nevi

40
Q

What is the most deadly skin cancer?

41
Q

Melanoma is usually caused by?

A

DNA damage due to UV light exposure

42
Q

There is an increased incidence of Melanoma and decreased death. Majority of Melanoma cases are ____. What is a risk factor?

A

Majority are sporadic

- Severe sunburns early in life increases risk

43
Q

Males usually get Melanoma where?

A

Upper back

44
Q

Females usually get Melanoma where?

45
Q

Blacks and Asians usually get Melanoma where?

A

Soles/Palms, nail beds, mucosal membranes

46
Q

For Melanoma, what mutations will activate pro-growth signaling pathways?

A

RAS
BRAF
P13K/AKT

47
Q

What is the most commonly mutated gene in Melanoma and what does it activate?

A

TERT

- activates Telomerase

48
Q

What are the 2 growth phases of Melanoma?

A
  1. Radial growth

2. Vertical growth

49
Q

The Radial growth phase involves horizontal spread of melanoma in the epidermis. What does it lack?

A

Lacks capacity to metastasize

50
Q

The Vertical growth phase of Melanoma involves tumor cells invading down into deeper layers. What will likely appear?

A

Nodule with metastatic potential

51
Q

What is absent in the Vertical Growth phase of Melanoma?

A

Neurotization

52
Q

Breslow thickness

A

Depth of invasion - correlates with metastasis

53
Q

Breslow thickness measures between?

A

Epidermal granular layer
Deepest tumor cell
- Correlates with metastasis

54
Q

5 favorable prognoses for Melanoma

A
  1. Thinner tumor depth
  2. NO mitosis
  3. NO regression
  4. Lack of ulceration
  5. Brisk tumor infiltrating lymphocyte response
55
Q

5 favorable prognoses for Melanoma

A
  1. Thinner tumor depth
  2. NO mitosis
  3. NO regression
  4. Lack of ulceration
  5. Brisk tumor infiltrating lymphocyte response

SBL (48 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions