Detection and Diagnosis of Malignancy Flashcards

1
Q

4 signs that a primary tumor is present?

A
  1. Sensation of a mass
  2. Invasion of adjacent structures
  3. Obstruction
  4. Compression
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2
Q

4 signs that a primary tumor is present?

A
  1. Sensation of a mass
  2. Invasion of adjacent structures
  3. Obstruction
  4. Compression
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3
Q

2 cancers that may be palpable or cause a sensation of a mass?

A

Breast cancer

Soft-tissue sarcomas

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4
Q

What type of invasion from a primary tumor is more concerning for malignancy?

A

Skin invasion

ex. breast cancer

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5
Q

There are many options for tumors to cause obstruction. What is an example of a tumor that can cause airway obstruction?

A

Lung carcinoma growing endobronchially

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6
Q

Signs that a tumor is causing airway obstruction?

A

Stridor

Downstream lung tissue is collapsed

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7
Q

What is Superior Vena Cava Syndrome?

A

When a primary tumor is obstructing the superior vena cava from draining into the heart

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8
Q

Symptoms of Superior Vena Cava Syndrome?

A

Venous distention of neck and chest wall

Facial and upper arm edema

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9
Q

Venous distention of neck and chest wall, as well as facial and upper arm edema can suggest what type of tumor obstruction?

A

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

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10
Q

What physical sign will be positive with Superior Vena Cava Syndrome?

A

Pemberton’s sign

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11
Q

Describe Pemberton’s sign

A

Exaggeration of Superior Vena Cava Syndrome findings when the arms are raised above the head

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12
Q

Exaggeration of SVC syndrome when the arms are raised above the head is what sign?

A

Pemberton’s sign

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13
Q

What is the most common type of compression from a primary tumor?

A

Spinal cord compression

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14
Q

Another sign of a primary tumor may be abnormal _____

A

Bleeding!

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15
Q

Post-menopausal women “menstruating again” may suggest?

A

Uterine/endometrial cancer

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16
Q

Blood should never be present in bodily fluids. Besides that symptom, what is another sign of hemorrhage?

A

Pain!

- often caused by ABRUPT hemorrhage

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17
Q

Chronic bleeding can manifest as?

A

Iron deficient anemia

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18
Q

Tumor cells can also irritate?

A

Peritoneum and pleural space

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19
Q

If an ovarian carcinoma irritates the peritoneum, what is an example of how that will present?

A

Ovarian carcinoma –> ASCITES

20
Q

If a tumor irritates the pleural space, what will that cause to form?

A

Malignant pleural effusion

21
Q

What measures can provide both therapeutic and diagnostic value to effusions?

A

Thoracentesis and Paracentesis

22
Q

Low protein and low cell count effusion

A

Transudative

23
Q

High protein and high cell count effusion

24
Q

History taking, Physical exam and Lab testing can all suggest different aspects of primary tumor presentation. What can catch all of them?

A

Radiography

25
Cancer staging pneumonic
TNM - Tumor size - Nodal involvement - Metastasis extent
26
4 types of metastatic spread?
1. Lymphatic 2. Hematogenous 3. Transcoelomic 4. Canalicular
27
Transcoelomic spread?
Invades the serosa
28
Canalicular spread?
Travels along pre-existing duct/lumen
29
What types of cancers spread through the lymphatics usually?
Carcinomas
30
Carcinomas usually spread via?
Lymphatics
31
What types of cancers spread through hematogenous (blood)?
Sarcomas and advanced carcinomas
32
Sarcomas usually spread via?
Hematogenous spread (blood)
33
Advanced carcinomas can also spread via?
Hematogenous spread (blood)
34
On physical exam to check for metastasis you should check?
Lymph nodes
35
With lung carcinoma, checking hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes requires?
Radiography
36
Describe how to know what lymph nodes must be dissected from metastatic cancer spread?
- Inject radiotracer dye into tumor - Dye will spread to sentinel node first - Take out the involves nodes with the dye in them
37
Common metastatic cancer symptoms?
Fatigue and weight loss Bone/back pain Neurological symptoms Compression/obstruction
38
What is a Sister Mary Joseph Nodule?
Umbilical metastasis from ovarian carcinoma
39
What causes a Sister Mary Joseph Nodule?
Ovarian carcinoma
40
Umbilical metastasis is considered a?
Sister Mary Joseph Nodule
41
What is Virchow's node?
Left supraclavicular lymphadenopathy from ANY thoracic or abdominal carcinoma
42
What causes Virchow's node?
ANY thoracic or abdominal carcinoma
43
Where is Virchow's node?
Left supraclavicular lymphadenopathy
44
Why is Virchow's node where it is?
It is near the site of where the thoracic duct (that drains 3/4 of the body's lymph) drains into the subclavian vein
45
Recurrences of cancer are typically _____
Metastatic