Chapter Six-The Italian Renaissance Flashcards
Scholars combine _________ with ________
ancient history
Christian teachings
new emphasis on
the power of human reason
Renaissance began in
Italy
crusades and trade brought contact with
the Byzantine Empire
Rich cities of Italy
Florence, Milan, Naples, Rome, Venice
family that pushed the Renaissance movement in Florence
Medici
list the humanites
grammar, history, poetry, and rhetoric
humanists
people who specialized in the study of the humanities
humanists searched out manuscripts written in
Greek and Latin
Most humanists were
Catholics who remained committed to Christian teachings
Petrarch
one of the best known humanists
Petrarch believed that they should imitate writers by
studying the classical writers
classical education
the study of ancient Greek and Roman literature
Petrarch believed that his desire for fame might
hurt his chances for salvation
The Prince
an essay written by Machiavelli
what did The Prince describe
described government not in terms of lofty ideals but how it actually worked
Machiavellian means
the ends justify the means
Castiglione wrote what book
The Book of the Courtier
The Book of the Courtier
was the most famous book of the Renaissance
The Book of the Courtier explained
how gentlemen and gentlewomen should act in polite society
medieval paintings stressed
religious topics
renaissance paintings depicted
lifelike human figures
High Renaissance lasted from
late 1400s to early 1500s
three talents of Leonardo Da Vinci
architect, engineer, painter, sculptor, and scientist
two famous paintings of Leonardo Da Vinci
The Last Supper
the Mona Lisa
What is Michelangelo known for
his depiction of the Creation painted on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
Rafael was hired by the pope to
beautify the Vatican
Rafael was known for his
madonnas
madonnas are
paintings of the Virgin Mary
Titian was one of the first painters to
become wealthy from his work
major rivers/routes that contributed to the spread of ideas
the Danube, Rhine, and Rhone
Johannes Gutenberg
1450 first European to use movable type
invented the printing press
used the printing press to print copies of
the Bible
critics of printed books said
printed books would not last as long
hand copied manuscripts were more beautiful
scribes would lose their jobs
scribes
those who made a living by hand-copying manuscripts
The Praise of Folly
Erasmus’s most famous book
The Praise of Folly ridiculed
ignorance, superstition, and vice among Christians
Utopia condemned
governments as being corrupt
written by Thomas More
Thomas More’s refusal to agree to king’s supremacy
caused him to be beheaded
William Shakespeare was the leading
literary figure of the time
three famous works of Shakespeare
Hamlet
Romeo and Juliet
Macbeth
Reformation
a religious revolution
three causes for the Protestant Reformation
- Church was more interested in income than saving souls 2. pope acted as a political leader and warrior instead of a moral leader 3. priests engaged in vice and misconduct instead of encouraging spiritual and moral behavior
the break for the Protestant Reformation took place in
modern day Germany
indulgences
pardons from punishment for sin that could be bought
Johann Tetzel sent to
raise funds in the northern German states by selling indulgences
Popes sold indulgences to
raise money for the church
Martin Luther’s beliefs became know as
Lutheranism
Luther said that ceremonies and good deeds
made no difference in saving a sinner
Luther said only thing that counted was
an inner faith in God
Luther said salvation gained only
through the grace of God
the idea that salvation could only be gained through the grace of God was called
justification by grace through faith
95 theses
Luther posted these statements about indulgences on a church door
Luther claimed that the Bible was
the sole religious authority
in 1521 Pope Leo X declared
Luther a heretic
Luther’’s punishment for being declared a heretic
he was excommunicated
Protestantism/ Protestants
Luther’s beliefs and Luther’s followers
the Peace of Augsburg said that
each German ruler had the right to choose the religion for his state
What did the subjects have to do under the Peace of Augsburg
they had to either accept the ruler’s decision or move away
sects
religious groups
King Henry VIII caused
the break between England and the Roman Catholic Church
“Defender of the Faith”
title that was granted to Henry by the pope
What did Henry want to do
he wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon
Henry was unhappy because
he had no male heir
Henry wanted to marry
Anne Boleyn
Catholic Church didn’t usually permit divorces but could
make exceptions
Pope Clement VII refused to
meet Henry’s demand for divorce/annulment
Because pope refused his demands Henry
withdrew England from the Catholic Church and began a new church
Church of England
new church created by Henry VIII
also known as the Anglican Church
Who was the head of the Anglican Church
the king was established as the head of the church
Anglican Church granted
Henry VIII a divorce
what was the act of supremacy
an act of Parliament that recognized the monarch as head of the church
Henry would be head of the church but later that act would be rescinded
Predestination
the idea that at the beginning of time God decided whou would be saved
this idea came from John Calvin
the elect
those who were predestined for salvation
theocracy
a government ruled by religious leaders who claimed God’s authority
Hugenots
French Calvinists
Counter Reformation
also known as the Catholic Reformation
began as an attempt to return the church to an emphasis on spiritual matters
the Counter Reformation was also a
campaign to stop the spread of Protestantism
Pope Paul III brought the
Inquisition to Rome (only tried heresy)
What was the Index (published 1559)
Catholics were banned from reading the books listed in the Index
Council of Trent did what three things
- defined the official church position on matters of doctrine 2. acted to end the abuses in the church and those that surrounded the sale of indulgences 3. tightened discipline within the clergy
Council of Trent said that
- you should depend on priests because God granted forgiveness only through the church 2. and salvation came from ceremonial church actions as well as individual faith
during the 1530s to mid 1600s there were
devastating religious wars
Most striking result of the religious upheaval
the appearance of many different churches
bad spirits
called demons
made life difficult
wise/cunning people
an older village member thought to have a special understanding of how the world worked
good witches
another name for wise people
bad witches
thought to bring bad luck
bad witches were said to have made
a pact with the devil
usually _________ were accused of being bad witches because _______
elderly widows
easy targets
primary occupation of the people
farming
communities tended to ____________ and ____________
work
make decisions together
if anyone upset village traditions
they were treated harshly
broadsides
single printed sheets of information
almanacs
published predictions about the weather or prospects for growing crops
standard of living
the measure of the quality of life
peasantry made up ___% of the population
85-90
Black Death reduced population by
1/3
peasants were trapped in
poverty
superstitions
no longer played an important role in people’s views of daily life
Renaissance
means rebirth
a philosophical and artistic movement
