Chapter 21 Notes Flashcards
Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928
Frank B. Kellogg- US secretary of state
Aristide Briand-French minister
agreement made war illegal
Japan made one of the first
challenges to the pact
Osachi Hamaguchi 1930
prime minister of Japan and was fatally shot
in September 1931 Japan’s forces take
control of Manchuria
by 1939 Japan controls
most of China
Mussolini and overseas expansion
believed expansion would ease some of Italy’s economic problems
Ethiopia
one of the few independent nations in Africa and the first target of Mussolini
1935 Italian forces and in 1936 Mussolini
invaded and defeated Ethiopia
adds Ethiopia to the empire
2nd Spanish Republic
new government of Spain in the early 30s
new government splits Spain into two groups
Nationalists vs. Loyalists
Nationalists were also called
Falangists
the Falange was
a fascist party led by General Francisco Franco
Loyalists
supported the Republic
Germany and Italy sent
military to help the Nationalists
Rome-Berlin Axis
a military alliance between Hitler and Mussolini
International Brigade
volunteers from France, Great Britain, and the US that helped the Republic
by the spring of 1939 the Nationalists forces
had defeated the Loyalists
General Franco becomes
Spain’s head of the state/dictator
1933- Hitler announces
that he would rearm the country
1936 March-Hitler and violates
marches his troops into the Rhineland
the Treaty of Versailles
Axis Powers
Hitler and Mussolini called themselves this; their new name
Anti-Comminturn Pact
Japan and Germany signed this; it is against communism; promising to stop the spread of communism
Austrian Chancellor agrees
to union with Germany
Hitler takes
Austria with a show of force
Anschluss
the union between Germany and Austria; meant “living space”?/expand
Sudetenland was located
on the western part of Czechoslovakia
how many Germans were there living in the Sudetenland
more than 3 million
natural defense for Germany in the Sudetenland
a chain of mountains
appeasement
the policy of giving in to the aggressor to keep the peace
Munich Conference (September 29, 1938)
was called by Hitler
Neville Chamberlain, the English Prime Minister, and Edouard Daladier, the French Prime Minister, attended
Hitler promised what at the Munich Conference?
he promised no more territorial acquisitions
March 1939 German troops invade
Czechoslovakia
Britain and France realize
they cannot trust the dictators and cannot ignore them anymore
and prepare for war by rearming
Stalin’s concerns about allying with Britain and France
Stalin feared the Western powers would welcome the chance to turn Hitler loose on them because they hate communism
Nazi-Soviet Pact (Aug. 1939)
a non-aggression pact where both promise not to attack the other; Germany would take western Poland and the Soviet Union would take eastern Poland
Danzig
seaport city in Poland
Polish corridor
a strip of land that gave Germany access to the sear
Sept. 1, 1939 Hitler
attacks Poland and starts WWII
September 3, 1939 Britain and France
declare war on Germany
blitzkrieg
means lightning war; attack with great speed and force
after a month of fight Poland
surrendered to Hitler
France move along the with their fortifications in
Maginot Line
France
Germany move along the fortifications in
Siegfried Line
the Rhineland
“phony war”
about seven months between Poland’s surrender and the next battle; the armies weren’t fighting
Soviets invade Sept. 1939 and Nov. 1939
eastern Poland
Finland
the low countries
the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg
Hitler invades and in April 1940 and Germany gains
Denmark
Norway
an outlet to the sea
France and Britain finally realize
that Hitler was an immediate threat to their safety
the new English Prime Minister May 10, 1940
Winston Churchill
allied troops attempt to escape from
Dunkirk
May 27- June 4
about 338,000 soldiers were transported across the channel to England and safety
Hitler’s failure to attack
allowed the Allies to escape and was a costly mistake
After Dunkirk, France was
left to fight alone on the European continent
June 14, 1940 the Germans
enter Paris
German troops occupy including
northern France
Paris
French leader willing to surrender to Germany
Philippe Petain
moves the French government to
Vichy
German controlled government of France
referred to as a
Vichy France
puppet government
led the Free French Movement
General Charles de Gaulle
Free French Movement
a secret resistance movement to undermine the Nazi war effort/sabotage
Luftwaffe
German air force
Royal Air Force (RAF)
Britain’s air force/ saved Great Britain
Neutrality Acts (1935 and 1937)
U.S. could not 1. sell war equipment to warring nations 2. make loans to these nations 3. or sail on their ships/couldn’t sail in the war zones
isolationists
believed Europe’s wars should not concern the US
Destroyer Deal
we give 50 old destroyers to Great Britain
Congress passes
the first national draft
Lend-Lease Act
authorized the president to supply war materials to Great Britain on credit
Atlantic Charter (August 1941)
attended by President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill
U.S. announces the democratic goals shared by Great Britain and the US
the German airfare and was used to soften up Great Britain for invasion
Luftwaffe
said that Americans could not sell military equipment to warring nations, make loans to these nations, or sail on their ships
Neutrality Acts
a new kind of warfare that took place with great speed and force
blitzkrieg
the Frenchman who led the Free French government in its continued opposition to Germany
Charles de Gaulle
authorized the president to supply war materials to Great Britain on credit
Lend-Lease Act
replaced Neville Chamberlain as prime minister and was one of the few politicians to speak out against appeasement in the 1930s
Winston Churchill
the German air raids on Britain and the British efforts to counter these nightly raids
Battle of Britain
Spain under the rule of remained
Franco
neutral
Mussolini hoped to build
a Mediterranean empire for Italy
British liberated
Ethiopia
Erwin Rommel
the commander of the German troops in N. Africa known as the “Desert Fox”
El Alamein (October 1941)
Axis forces forced to retreat and was a major turning point in this area
June 22, 1941 Germany invades
Russia
“scorched earth”
slowly retreating soldiers and civilians carried everything they could and burned the rest
spring 1942 offensive to the south- Hitler wants to
take the oil producing area and some farmland
Stalingrad’s capture
was made the main objective of the offensive
Sept 1940 Japan allies with
Germany and Italy
known as the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
Hideki Tojo
Japanese premier and head of the government
early 1941 the Japanese government realized
that their most dangerous potential threat was the U.S.
Dec. 7, 1941
Japanese launch a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor with the goal of destroying the US Pacific fleet
FDR quote about Pearl Harbor
a day that will live in infamy
Dec. 8, 1941 Congress
declares war on Japan
Hitler’s New Order
wanted to make the European continent into a single political and economic system
planned to gain “ “ in eastern Europe
living space
pure “ “ would colonize the area
Aryan race
land in Soviet Union would supply Germany with
food and raw materials
1941- Hitler ordered the destruction of
Europe’s entire Jewish population
program to eradicate entire Jewish population
the Final Solution
genocide
the systematically erase an entire ethnic race
military branch of the Nazi party
SS
leader of the Ss and headed the Final Solution
Heinrich Himmler
Wannsee Conference Jan. 1942
Hitler set out a systematic plan for exterminating the Jews in concentration camps
“Arbeit Macht Frei”
work makes you free
Holocaust
the Nazi genocide where they killed 6 million Jews
means fire that consumes/ fire that burns completely
Battle of Stalingrad
lasted for six months
on Feb. 2, 1943 the German troops surrender and it becomes a major turning point in the war
Dwight D. Eisenhower
leads the troops in North Africa
Mid May 1943
the Axis forces in North Africa were forced to surrender
“soft underbelly of the axis”
refers to southern Italy where the Axis Powers were the most vulnerable
Coral Sea
fought entirely in the air
Midway
Allied victory; Allies go on the offensive
Guadalcanal
first American invasion Japanese-held territory
island
take key islands and bypass others
D Day/Normandy invasion (June 6, 1944)
also called Operation Overlord
resulted in the liberation of France
April 30, 1945 Hitler
committed suicide
May 8, 1945
V-E Day
the day of victory in Europe
Yalta Conference
Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin decide how to divide Germany
Potsdam Conference
Truman, Churchill, and Stalin; unconditional surrender of Japan
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
two cities that were both bombed with atomic bombs
August 6, 1945 and August 9, 1945
September 2, 1945
V-J Day
victory in Japan
a long and bloody six month battle that proved to be a major turning point in the war
Battle of Stalingrad
belief that Japanese pilots-called kamikazes- would save the empire if they were willing to die for the emperor
“Divine Wind”
commander of the US troops who, with the British, forced Axis Powers in North Africa to surrender
Dwight D. Eisenhower
