Chapter 7 Notes Flashcards
scientific revolution
a period when experimentation and mathematics explained the mysteries
alchemist
people who attempted to mix metals to make gold
astrologists
studied the position of the stars and how they influenced people’s lifes
impact of the scientific revolution
people no longer explained the world in terms of religion, magic, or the ancient writings
new “tools” for study
experimentation, mathematics, and developing new instruments
Ptolemy’s theory
geocentric
means Earth-centered
what did the geocentric theory say
it said that the Earth was at the center and everything else revolved around the Earth
Why was Ptolemy’s geocentric theory accepted?
- the church supported it 2. gravity had not yet been discovered
Copernicus’s theory
heliocentric
means sun centered
What did the heliocentric theory say
- the sun was at the center of the universe 2. ultimately he could not prove his theory
What are Kepler’s laws of planetary motion?
- The planets travel in an elliptical orbit 2. Planets travel faster when they are closer to the sun 3. There is a relationship in the time that it takes to travel around the sun
Galileo
invented telescopes
What did Galileo’s published views do?
It got him into conflict with the church and he had to recant his findings
Isaac Newton
proposed the law of universal gravitation
What did the laws on gravitation do?
They gave credibility to Copernicus’s theory
What two things were introduced that changed navigation
astrolabe and compass
astrolabe
determined the latitude of a ship
What economic changes were caused by the commercial revolution
stable currency
banking services became specialized
late 1400s to 1700s
joint-stock company
investors bought shares in a company
These investors became co-owners
mercantilism
a country’s wealth was based on how much gold they had
balance of trade
where your goods are sold to other countries more than you are having to buy
tariffs
a tax on imports
What was the role of the colonies
proved the raw materials
They could not trade with other countries
Three social changes during this time
the desire to learn more increased
increase in population
opportunity for quick profit
Mercantilism stated that
a country’s government should do all it could to increase the country’s wealth
Countries could achieve a favorable balance of trade by
placing tariffs or import taxes on good entering their country
Prince Henry also known as
The Navigator
First goal of Prince Henry
Find gold for Portugal
Bartholomeu Dias 1488
Rounded the tip of South Africa
Old name for the tip of South Africa
Cape of storms
New name for the tip of South Africa
Cape of Good Hope
Vasco deGamma 1498
Rounded the tip and sailed to India
Importance of Dias’s and deGamma’s expeditions
Overseas route to India existed
Broke the Italian monopoly in the Mediterranean
Monarchs that financed Columbus’s voyage
Ferdinand and Isabella
When and where did Columbus land in the Bahama islands
San Salvador October 12 1493
West Indies
Islands discovered by Columbus
Indians
Name applied to people in the West Indies
What happened in the Columbian exchange
Plants, animals, and minerals discovered in the New World
Old and new world coming together
Mundus Novus
Name given to the New World
Amerigo Vespucci
Believed that America got its name from him
Balboa
Discovered the Pacific ocean
“Victoria”
Part of Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition in 1522 and was the only ship of five to complete the voyage around the world
The slave trade 1400s
Explores began capturing African tribes men for slaves
Middle passage
Voyage of slave ships across the Atlantic
Triangular trade: the Americas
From America to Europe the Americas provided manufactured goods to Europe
Triangular trade Europe
Europe sold these manufactured goods for profit
Triangular trade Africa
Slaves were shipped to the Americas for labor
Name three conditions of the slave ships
Packed below deck
Chained to their bunks
Very little heat food or water
Month long voyage
The sole purpose of slaves
Hard plantation labor
Papal line of demarcation
Divided new lands between Spain and Portugal
What did Portugal get from the line of demarcation
Got All lands east of the line
What Did Spain get from the line of demarcation
Got all the lands west of the line
Treaty of Tordesillas
Moved the line further west
How did Spain benefit from the Treaty of Tordesillas
They would be able to claim land in most of North and South America
New Spain
Name given to Spain’s New World empire
What did the Spanish do to resolve the question on how to govern so far away
They let the natives keep their culture
They had to recognize Spanish authority
Three g’s on why Spain came to the Americas
Gold, wealth and riches
Glory, new lands, new acquisitions= prestige/something to boast about
God, try to convert the natives to Christianity
Conquistador
Means conqueror
Who were the conquistadors
These were the Spanish soldiers/explorers
Cortes conquered the
Aztecs
1519 Hernando Cortes leads his expedition into Mexico
Montezuma
The Aztec chief
Pizarro conquered the
Incas
1530 Pizarro leads his expedition into South America
Atahualpa
The Inca chief
Viceroy
The king’s representative in the New World
Century of gold
1550-1640
The height of the gold-mining in the Americas
Encomienda
A system where the Europeans were supposed tolook after the welfare of the natives
What happened to the natives
Disease and weapons wiped out thousands of the native Americans
Historians call the period between the late 1400s and 1700s the commercial revolution because
Europeans greatly changed their basic business practices
New types of business organizations helpdexploration; for example, a joint stock company allowed
Many investors to become co-owners in a single business venture
Became known as the navigator and was largely responsible for Portugal’s interest in exploration
Prince Henry
Made in Overland Crossing of the Isthmus of Panama and proved that the New World was not part of Asia
Vasco Núñez de Balboa
Moved the imaginary line drawn from north to south in the middle of the Atlantic and settled the Spanish and Portuguese conflict over new lands
Treaty of Tordesillas
Made an overseas route from Europe to India and the East Indies available
Bartolomeu Dias
Vasco da agama
Believed that a shorter route to Asia good be found by sailing west word from Spain, instead of around Africa
Christopher Columbus
Allowed products, plants, animals, and diseases to travel between the western and eastern hemisphere
Colombian exchange
Sailed in 1513 northward from the Caribbean to Florida, on the North American mainland
Poncé de Leon
Carved out a huge empire in_______ and plundered the mighty Aztec civilization
Mexico
Hernán Cortéz
The Dutch East India Company was founded in 1602 and controlled all of the trade between the Netherlands and the
East Indies
