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► World History > Chapter 18 Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

By 1914 Europeans had but

A

been peaceful for about 100 years

countries were competing for colonies

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2
Q

Four factors which fueled tension among Europe’s powers

A

nationalism, militarism, imperialism/colonial rivalries, system of alliances

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3
Q

1800s various ethnic groups wanted

A

to gain independence/more political unity

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4
Q

militarism

A

the glorification of armed strength and the military

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5
Q

military leaders believed

A

they could achieved their goals through the threat or use of force

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6
Q

By late 1800s

A

European nations had built large well trained armies

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7
Q

mobilize

A

to prepare an army for war

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8
Q

military officers

A

wer also high ranking government officials

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9
Q

British navy world rank

A

first

the best and largest in the world

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10
Q

Dreadnought (1906)

A

the world’s first modern battleship

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11
Q

“Two power standard”

A

the British navy would be stronger than any two powers combined

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12
Q

Germany’s navy rank

A

second

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13
Q

imperialism

A

when one country takes control of another country

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14
Q

use colonies as and

A

new markets

raw materials

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15
Q

Otto von Bismarck

A

known as the Iron Chancellor

Prime Minister of Prussia

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16
Q

Bismarck’s chief goal

A

to keep France isolated

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17
Q

France/Russia

A

Bismarck prevents this alliance

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18
Q

1879 military alliance between

A

Germany and Austria-Hungary

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19
Q

1881 Three Emperor’s League

A

an alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia

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20
Q

1882 Triple Alliance

A

Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary

this kept France isolated and the German borders were secure on the eastern and southern flanks

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21
Q

1887 Reinsurance Treaty

A

Russia and Germany

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22
Q

Britain’s “splendid isolation”

A

Britain enjoyed being isolated

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23
Q

1904 Entent Cordial

A

means “friendly understanding”

signed between Great Britain and France

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24
Q

1907 Triple Entente

A

France Russia and Great Britain

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25
Q

by 1907 powers of Europe had divided into

A

two armed camps

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26
Q

Balkan “powder keg”

A

refers to the high tensions in this area

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27
Q

Ottoman Empire by the early 1900s was weak but located

A

militarily

strategically

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28
Q

“sick man of Europe”

A

the major powers of Europe waiting for the Ottoman Empire to collapse

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29
Q

“Slavs”

A

the predominant ethnic group in central, eastern, southeastern Europe

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30
Q

annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

A

both were: protectorates of Austria-Hungary and annexed by Austria-Hungary

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31
Q

“powder keg of Europe”

A

referred to the Balkan peninsula

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32
Q

Archduke Ferdinand

A

heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne

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33
Q

Sarajevo

A

the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina

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34
Q

What happened on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo

A

Archduke Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated by a Serbian nationalist

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35
Q

Gavrillo Princip

A

the member of a Serbian nationalist group that assassinated the Archduke and his wife

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36
Q

“Black Hand”

A

the national group that claimed responsibility for the assassination

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37
Q

Francis Joseph

A

the emperor of Austria-Hungary

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38
Q

Kaiser William I

A

emperor of Germany

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39
Q

“blank check”

A

a promise by Germany to Austria; Germany gives full support in punishing those responsible

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40
Q

Austria’s ultimatum to Serbia

A

time frame: two days

A/H officials wanted to try Princip the assassin

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41
Q

If Serbia rejected the ultimatum

A

war would be declared

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42
Q

July 28,1914

A

Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia

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43
Q

August 1, 1914 Germany declared war on and then on August 3. 1914 Germany declared war on

A

Russia

France

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44
Q

Germany’s situation

A

they had to fight a war on both sides

Russia-east France-west

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45
Q

Germany’s original objective

A

defeat France quickly and then focus on Russia

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46
Q

Schlieffen Plan

A

bypass France and march through Belgium

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47
Q

August 3 Germany invades

A

Belgium

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48
Q

Belgium was a country

A

neutral

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49
Q

plan failed because of and on August 4, 1914 Great Britain declared war on

A

Belgian resistance

Germany

50
Q

Central Powers

A

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

51
Q

Allied Powers

A

Great Britain, France, Russia, later the U.S

52
Q

belligerents

A

warring nations

53
Q

western front

A

stretched from Switzerland to the English Channel

approx 600 miles

54
Q

Battle of Marne (Sept 1914)

A

everyone realized that this would be a long war

55
Q

trench warfare

A

miles of trenched dug and armies fought in the trenches

56
Q

“no man’s land”

A

barbed wire, land mines, hand grenades, bullets flying

57
Q

eastern front

A

extended from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea

58
Q

Bosporous and Dardanelles straits were

A

strategic waterways

59
Q

“race for the sea”

A

trying to gain an advantage or control over the waterway

60
Q

industrialized war

A

weapons were mass produced industrially

61
Q

total war

A

drafting soldiers, factories converted, women working

62
Q

propaganda

A

using information to shape public opinion

63
Q

atrocities

A

brutal acts against civilians

64
Q

German U-boats

A

underwater boats

subs

65
Q

contraband

A

any material used in the war effort

66
Q

unrestrictive submarine warfare

A

the Germans fired on any ship

67
Q

Lusitania (March 1916)

A

British cruise liner that was torpedoed and sunk

68
Q

Arabic and Sussex

A

two other liners that were sunk

69
Q

“Sussex Pledge”

A

Germans agreed no to fire without a warning

70
Q

elected president in 1916

A

Woodrow Wilson and his slogan was “He kept us out of war”

71
Q

during the stalemate both sides wonder

A

if they can break the lines of the enemy

72
Q

“war of attrition”

A

slow wearing down

73
Q

Arthur Zimmerman

A

a German official that sends a telegram to Mexico

74
Q

the telegram contents

A

he is urging Mexico to go to war against the US

75
Q

telegram plus sub warfare

A

now Americans are in favor of the war

76
Q

“world must be safe for democracy”

A

Wilson said it and it justifies the US entering the war

77
Q

war shows Russia’s

A

economic weaknesses

78
Q

three of Russia’s problems

A
  1. lack of food 2. lack of industry 3. poor transportation 4. army was poorly equipped or supplied 5. army was poorly led 6. led to enormous war losses
79
Q

by the spring of 1917 the people had lost

A

faith in the government and the czar

80
Q

peasants paid high

A

takes, (rents, debts)

81
Q

March 1917

A

czar abdicated his throne

82
Q

govt set up a

A

provisional government (temporary)

83
Q

petrograd of Soviet Workers and soldiers

A

tired to bring about reform in Russia

84
Q

soviet meant

A

council

85
Q

radicals called for

A

immediate peace

86
Q

Mensheviks

A

the more moderate radicals

87
Q

Bolsheviks

A

the more radical group that became known as the Reds(Red Army)

88
Q

leader of the radicals

A

Vladimir Lenin

89
Q

slogan of the Reds

A

peace, bread, and land

90
Q

Nov 7, 1917 The Bolsheviks overthrew

A

the provisional government and took control of Russia

91
Q

new name of the Bolsheviks

A

Communist Party

92
Q

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)

A

Russia signed a treaty with the Central Powers

93
Q

czar and his family

A

were executed

94
Q

Red Army

A

the Communist forces/army

95
Q

new name for Russia

A

the Union of Socialist Soviet Republic or USSR

96
Q

propaganda

A

the use of selected bits of information, both true and false, to get people to back an idea

97
Q

Arthur Zimmerman

A

official of the German foreign ministry who helped push the US into war

98
Q

war of attrition

A

a slow wearing down process in which each side tries to outlast the other

99
Q

contraband

A

war materials supplied by a neutral nation to a belligerent one

100
Q

A.E.F.

A

American Expeditionary Forces

the American troops

101
Q

John J. Pershing

A

“Black Jack”

the AEF commander

102
Q

“peace offensive”

A

Germany’s last push/attempt to end the war

103
Q

2nd Battle of the Marne (July 15-18)

A

Allies hold the German advance

the combined Allied forces were successful

104
Q

Marshall Ferdinand Foch

A

the French commander of the Allies at the 2nd Battle of the Marne

105
Q

Argonne Forest

A

47 days of fighting pushes the Germans back

106
Q

October (end of the war)

A

Ottoman Empire surrendered

107
Q

Nov. 3 (end of the war)

A

Austria signs an armistice

108
Q

Nov 9 (end of the war)

A

the kaiser of Germany abdicates

109
Q

Nov 11 (end of the war)

A

Germany agrees to the armistice

fighting ends on 11:00 AM on Nov 11, 1918

110
Q

one term of the armistice

A

Germany renounces its treaty with Russia

111
Q

Peace Conference was held Jan 1919 at

A

Versailles

112
Q

Big Four

A

“Architects of Peace”; U.S. President Wilson; British Prime Minister David Lloyd George; French Premier Clemenceau; Italian Prime Minister Orlando

113
Q

war guilt clause

A

Germany had to admit to starting the war

114
Q

reparations

A

payment for war damages

these two things cause extreme bitterness in Germany

115
Q

French reaction

A

wanted harsh punishment towards Germany

116
Q

Pres. Wilson

“peace without victory” and “just victory”

A

meant don’t seek revenge

117
Q

Points 1-5

A

“open covenant”

no secrecy; freedom of the seas; reduce arms

118
Q

Points 6-13

A

liberate the former colonies

119
Q

self determination

A

let that country decide its own government

120
Q

Point 14

A

the League of Nations; the US Senate did not approve of the League of Nations so we were not a member; in the future the League would not be as powerful because we were not a member

► World History (79 decks)

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