Chapter community ecology

Question 1

Ecological community:

Answer 1

Interacting populations of different species living in the same specific environment

Question 2

Ecological community:

Answer 2

Interacting populations of different species living in the same specific environment

Question 3

Two factors to consider when defining a species niche:

Answer 3

1. Preferred physical habitat/where they prefer to live
2. Ecological role in the habitat/ What do they do

Question 4

Define niche:

Answer 4

the position/location of a species in a community

Question 5

Fundamental niche:

Answer 5

the broad range of where a specie can live based on conditions and resources (based on environment)

Question 6

Realized niche:

Answer 6

the actual habitats of a population of species based on their activity ( competition) more specific

Question 7

Phylogenetic niche conservation:

Answer 7

The tendency of species
to retain aspects of their ancestral niches, and therefore for closely
related species to resemble each other in niches

Question 8

Antagonastic:

Answer 8

At least one organism loses (negatively impacted) not symbiotic

Question 9

Characteristics of antagonistic:

Answer 9

• competition
• predation
• Paratisim
• herbivore

Question 10

Mutualistic interaction:

Answer 10

positive for both organisms

Question 11

Characteristics for mutualistic interactions:

Answer 11

• Dispersive: pollution
• Trophic: digestive
• Defensive: protection

Question 12

Commensal interaction:

Answer 12

One benefits the other is not harm

Question 13

Obligative vs facultative:

Answer 13

Obligate: symbiosis and dependent on survival

Question 14

What is the benefits of having a diverse community

Answer 14

• higher redundancy ( similar species living in similar niches
• more stability and resistance to stress and greater resilience

Question 15

How do you characterize communities by their specie diversity?

Answer 15

Richness: Number of species in a community

Evenness: How equally abundant species are in the community

Question 16

Study the food web

Answer 16

fitness benefit

fitness cost

Question 17

Keystone species

Answer 17

a species, often a predator, having a disproportionately dominant influence on the structure of a community.

Question 18

Parasite

Answer 18

Consumes the tissue or nutrients of its host and gains fitness while costing the host

Question 19

Herbivory

Answer 19

an animal consumes parts of a plant usually without killing it

Question 20

Parastoid

Answer 20

is an organism that lives close association with the host at its expense eventually killing it

Question 21

Dispersal/reproductive mutualism

Answer 21

an animal facilitates reproduction for plants in exchange for food:

1. Pollination
2. Seed dispersal

Question 22

Digestive symbioses mutualism

Answer 22

microbial symbionts digest plant tissues in the gut of their host for shelter and nourishment.

Question 23

Nutritional (photosynthetic) mutualism example

Answer 23

coral and algae:

• algae gets to eat the nitrogenous waste left by coral
• coral get to secrete caco3 skeletons and bleach

Question 24

What is a long term effect of mutualism?

Answer 24

creates interdependence going from facultative to obligate

typically over coevolution: over long periods of both partners become more adapted to one another.