Cancer

Question 1

Steps of the DNA damage checkpoint- p53

Answer 1

1. p53 is a protein found in the nucleus
2. DNA damage activates protein kinases that phosphorylate p53
3. phosphorylated p53 turns on the genes that stop the cycle
4. The stop allows time for the cell to regenerate and fix its life

Question 2

When nothings are wrong with the cell p53

Answer 2

gets exported out of the nucleus at low levels

Question 3

Peyton Rous experiment

Answer 3

A sample of sarcoma is taken from a chicken and grinded up, the extract is filtered out for bacteria and injected into a chicken. The chicken develops a tumor

Question 4

Oncogene

Answer 4

cancer-causing gene

Question 5

Proto-oncogene

Answer 5

Normal genes that are important for cell division that can mutate to become cancerous

Question 6

Tumor suppressors

Answer 6

encode proteins whose normal activities inhibit cell division

Question 7

Cancerous cells have two types of defects

Answer 7

1. Defects that activate the proteins required for cell growth when they shouldn’t be on ( Proto-oncogene to oncogene)
2. Defects that prevent tumor-suppressing genes from shutting down the cycle (Tumor suppressor mutations)

Question 8

Begnin tumors are

Answer 8

• noncancerous
• noninvasive
• grow relatively slow

Question 9

Malignant tumors

Answer 9

• grows rapidly
• invades the surrounding tissue
• cancerous
• they spread through lympathic vessels
• they spread through blood vessels