Chapter 41.1 -Immune system

Question 1

What does HIV attack and effect?

Answer 1

it replicates and attacks white blood cells that are apart of the immune system

Question 2

What does streptococcus bacteria, influenza and SARS cov-2 attack? what is its effect?

Answer 2

attacks the respiratory system and causes pneuomonia

Question 3

What cell functions does vibrio cholera effect ? And what are its effects?

Answer 3

they produce toxins that ruin transmembrane proteins attacking the intestine. Causing diarrhea dehydration and death.

Question 4

What does the ebola virus attack? what are the effects?

Answer 4

attacks the immune system leading to uncontrolled bleeding and organ damage

Question 5

What doe blood fluke worms effect? what do they attack?

Answer 5

they attack the liver by laying eggs and cause massive scarring

Question 6

What are four important functions of the immune system?

Answer 6

1. Ability to distguinish “self” and “non self” cells by recongizing cell surface proteins
2. Ability to attack self cells that are infected but tolerate non-self organisms that are mircobiome
3. Equal distribution of cells in the immune system by the circulatory system
4. Ability to defend internal cells by releasing chemicals and proteins that destroy viruses (cell-automonus immunity)

Question 7

What are the lines of defense in our bodies against infection?

Answer 7

• Our skin and mucus membranes
• Airways next line of defense: hairs in nose filter large particles to filter large objects
• coughing and sneezing to clear the respiratory tract

Question 8

What is the innate immune response?

Answer 8

when the cell responses to all types of pathgoens and is not specific to a type of threat

Question 9

What is the adaptive immune response?

Answer 9

the adaptive immune response triggers an attack specific to the type of threat. Allows for intense response based on memory and only found in vertebrates

Question 10

How does monocytes differientate?

Answer 10

monocytes are produced from stem cells in bone marrow. It travels through the blood nd to tissues where it differientates

Question 11

What are the three different types of cells in the innate system?

Answer 11

Mast cells: releases a wide variety of inflammatory mediators
Granulocytes cells: rapid response cells that attack pathogens or release histamines
Phagocytes: are cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful forgeins protect. Some produce inflammatory molecules that activate other phagocytes and immune responses.

Question 12

Facts of the innate immune system:

Answer 12

• provides protection against all kinds of infection in a non-specific manner-does not depend on prior exposure
• the primary defense is phagocytosis- cells are neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells
• innante immunity is activated by the compliment system. A series of 25 plasma protein that circulate the blood and recognize pathogens.

Question 13

What are the steps to white blood cells fighting off pathogens?

Answer 13

1. Recongition: Particle binds
2. Engulfment: Neutrophil takes in the particle
3. Digestion: Lysosome fuse with the vesicles and digest the particle

Question 14

What are the steps to white blood cells fighting off pathogens?

Answer 14

1. Recongition: Particle binds T-like receptors recognize and bind to pathogens
2. Engulfment: Neutrophil takes in the particle
3. Digestion: Lysosome fuse with the vesicles and digest the particle

Question 15

What is the function of inflammation?

Answer 15

Its the body’s response to body injuries to remove inciting agent if present and begins the healing process. includes redness swelling, heat, pain

Question 16

Is inflammation innate immunity or adaptive immunity? And what are the steps to inflammation?

Answer 16

1. Bacteria and other pathogens enter a wound
2. Mast cells release histamines that increase blood flow (which increases heat + redness) and makes blood vessels leaky ( swelling)
3. The cells in the tissue release chemical messengers called cytokines that bind and recruits phagocytes
4. Phagocytes enter the infected site from the blood and remove pathogens by phagocytosis

Question 17

What are B cells of the adaptive immune system role? and where are they located?

Answer 17

• produce antibodies that compete with pathogen binding sites
• from the bone marrow (produces anitbodies)

Question 18

What are T cells of adaptive immune system role? and where are they located?

Answer 18

• they carry out the cytotoxic response and kill infected cell
• matures in the thymus

Question 19

What does B and T cells have in common?

Answer 19

• they both produce responses that triggered by the recognition of antigens on SPECIFIC pathogens

Question 20

B cells with antibodies that have bonded to non-self antigens are stimulated to divide and differentiate into:

Answer 20

1. plasma cells that produce antibodies released into the bloodstream.
2. memory cells that insert antibodies on their own surface for rapid response if antigen recurs and remain in the blood stream for weeks.

Question 21

What are the steps to colonal selection?

Answer 21

1. Population of B cells: they express diversity
2. A foreign antigen interacts with one of the B cells from the population. They divide to form clone populations
3. Different from plasma + memory cells

Question 22

What happends during the second immune responses?

Answer 22

• memory cells specialized white blood cells remember the signature of the invader
• the secondary response is faster than primary and longer lasting