Chapter 5: Pathology

Question 1

anorexia

Answer 1

lack of appetite

Question 2

ascites

Answer 2

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

Question 3

borborygmus

borborygmi

Answer 3

rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid or both in gastrointestinal tract

Question 4

constipation

Answer 4

difficulty in passing stools

Question 5

diarrhea

Answer 5

frequent passage of loose, watery stools

Question 6

dysphagia

Answer 6

difficulty swallowing

Question 7

eructation (belching)

Answer 7

gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth

Question 8

flatus (flatulence)

Answer 8

gas expelled through the anus

Question 9

jaundice (icterus)

Answer 9

yellow-orange colouration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood

Question 10

melena

Answer 10

black tarry stools; feces containing digested blood

Question 11

nausea

Answer 11

unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit

Question 12

steatorrhea

Answer 12

fat in the feces; foul-smelling fecal matter

Question 13

aphthous stomatitis (canker sores)

Answer 13

inflammation of the mouth with small painful ulcers

Question 14

dental caries (dental plaque)

Answer 14

tooth decay

Question 15

herpetic stomatitis (fever blisters or cold sores)

Answer 15

inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus

Question 16

oral leukoplakia

Answer 16

white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth

Question 17

periodontal disease (gingivitis)

Answer 17

inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth and surrounding bone

Question 18

achalasia

Answer 18

failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax

Question 19

esophageal cancer

Answer 19

malignant tumour of the esophagus

Question 20

esophageal varices

Answer 20

swollen, varicose veins at teh lower end of the esophagus

Question 21

gastric cancer

Answer 21

malignant tumour of the stomach

Question 22

GERD

Answer 22

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Question 23

gastroesophageal reflux disease (heartburn)

Answer 23

solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach

Question 24

hernia

Answer 24

protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally containing it

Question 25

hiatal hernia

Answer 25

upper body of the stomach protrudes upward through the diaphragm

Question 26

inguinal hernia

Answer 26

small loop of bowel protrudes through a weak lower abdominal wall tissue surrounding muscles

Question 27

peptic ulcer

Answer 27

open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum

Question 28

anal fistula

Answer 28

abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus

Question 29

colonic polyps

Answer 29

polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon

Question 30

colorectal cancer

Answer 30

adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both

Question 31

Crohn disease ("Crohn's")

Answer 31

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract

Question 32

IBD

Answer 32

inflammatory bowel disease

Question 33

diverticulosis

Answer 33

abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall of the colon

Question 34

dysentery

Answer 34

painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection

Question 35

hemorrhoids

Answer 35

swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region

Question 36

ileus

Answer 36

loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines

Question 37

paralytic ileus

Answer 37

acute, transient loss of peristalsis

Question 38

inflammatory bowel disease

Answer 38

inflammation of the colon and small intestine

Question 39

intussusception

Answer 39

telescoping of the intestines

Question 40

irritable bowel syndrome | irritable colon or spastic colon

Answer 40

group of GI symptoms, but without abnormalities in the intestines

Question 41

ulcerative colitis

Answer 41

chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers

Question 42

volvulus

Answer 42

twisting of the intestine on itself

Question 43

IBS

Answer 43

irritable bowel syndrome

Question 44

cholelithiasis

Answer 44

gallstones in the gallbladder

Question 45

cirrhosis

Answer 45

chronic degenerative disease of the liver

Question 46

pancreatic cancer

Answer 46

malignant tumour of the pancreas

Question 47

pancreatitis

Answer 47

inflammation of the pancreas

Question 48

viral hepatitis

Answer 48

inflammation of the liver caused by a virus