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Medical Terminology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

abdomin/o

A

abdomen

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2
Q

adip/o

A

fat

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3
Q

anter/o

A

front

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4
Q

bol/o

A

to cast (throw)

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5
Q

cervic/o

A

neck (of the body or of the uterus)

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6
Q

chondr/o

A

cartilage (type of connective tissue)

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7
Q

chrom/o

A

colour

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8
Q

coccyg/o

A

coccyx (tailbone)

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9
Q

crani/o

A

skull

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10
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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11
Q

dist/o

A

far. distant

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12
Q

dors/o

A

back portion of the body

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13
Q

hist/o

A

tissue

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14
Q

ili/o

A

ilium (part of the pelvic bone)

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15
Q

inguin/o

A

groin

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16
Q

kary/o

A

nucleus

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17
Q

later/o

A

side

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18
Q

lumb/o

A

lower back (side and back between ribs and the pelvis)

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19
Q

medi/o

A

middle

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20
Q

nucle/o

A

nucleus

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21
Q

pelv/i

A

pelvis, hip region

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22
Q

poster/o

A

back, behind

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23
Q

proxim/o

A

nearest

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24
Q

sacr/o

A

flesh

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25
Q

spin/o

A

spine, backbone

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26
Q

thel/o

theli/o

A

nipple

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27
Q

thorac/o

A

chest

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28
Q

trache/o

A

trachea, windpipe

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29
Q

umbilic/o

A

navel, umbilicus

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30
Q

ventr/o

A

belly side of the body

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31
Q

vertebr/o

A

vertebra(e), backbone(s)

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32
Q

viscer/o

A

internal organs

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33
Q

ana-

A

up

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34
Q

cata-

A

down

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35
Q

epi-

A

above

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36
Q

hypo-

A

below

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37
Q

inter-

A

between

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38
Q

meta-

A

change

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39
Q

-eal

A

pertaining to

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40
Q

-iac

A

pertaining to

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41
Q

-ior

A

pertaining to

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42
Q

-ism

A

process, condition

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43
Q

-ose

A

pertaining to, full of

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44
Q

-plasm

A

formation

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45
Q

-somes

A

bodies

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46
Q

-type

A

picture, classification

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47
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

Front surface of the body.

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48
Q

deep

A

Away from the surface.

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49
Q

distal

A

Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure.

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50
Q

frontal (coronal) plane

A

Vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions.

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51
Q

inferior (caudal)

A

Below another structure: pertaining to the tail or lower portion of the body.

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52
Q

lateral

A

Pertaining to the side.

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53
Q

medial

A

Pertaining to the middle or near the medial plane of the body.

54
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

Back surface of the body.

55
Q

prone

A

Lying on the belly (dace down, palms down).

56
Q

proximal

A

Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure.

57
Q

sagittal (lateral) plane

A

Lengthwise, vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides. From the Latin sagitta, meaning arrow. The midsagittal plane divides the body into right and left halves.

58
Q

superficial

A

On the surface.

59
Q

superior (cephalic)

A

Above another structure; pertaining to the head.

60
Q

supine

A

Lying on the back (face up, palms up).

61
Q

transverse (axial) plane

A

Horizontal (cross-sectional) plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions.

62
Q

LLQ

A

Left lower quadrant.

63
Q

vertebra

A

Single backbone.

64
Q

vertebrae

A

Backbones.

65
Q

spinal column

A

Bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity.

66
Q

spinal cord

A

Nervous tissue within the spinal cavity.

67
Q

disc

A

Pad of cartilage between vertebrae.

68
Q

hypochondriac

A

Right and left upper regions beneath the ribs.

69
Q

epigastric

A

Middle upper region above the stomach.

70
Q

lumbar

A

Right and left middle regions near the waist.

71
Q

umbilical

A

Central region near the waist.

72
Q

inguinal regions

A

Right and left lower regions near the groin.

73
Q

hypogastric

A

Middle lower region below the umbilical region.

74
Q

Cervical

A

Neck region. (C1-C7).

75
Q

Thoracic

A

Chest region. Each bone is joined to a rib. (T1-T12).

76
Q

Lumbar

A

Loin (waist) or flank region (between the ribs and hipbone). (L1-L5).

77
Q

Sacral

A

5 bones are fused to form one bone, the sacrum. (S1-S5).

78
Q

Coccygeal

A

The coccyx (tailbone) is a small bone composed of 4 fused pieces.

79
Q

abdominal cavity

A

Space below the chest containing organs such as the liver, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines; also called the abdomen.

80
Q

cranial cavity

A

Space in the head containing the brain and surrounded by the skull. Cranial means pertaining to the skull.

81
Q

diaphragm

A

Muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities. The diaphragm moves up and down and aids in breathing.

82
Q

dorsal (posterior)

A

Pertaining to the back.

83
Q

mediastinum

A

Centrally located space outside of and between the lungs.

84
Q

pelvic cavity

A

Space below the abdomen containing portions of the intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs. Pelvic means pertaining to the pelvis, composed of the hip bones surrounding the pelvic cavity.

85
Q

peritoneum

A

Double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity.

86
Q

pleura

A

Doubled-folded membrane surrounding each lung. Pleural means pertaining to the pleura.

87
Q

pleural cavity

A

Space between the pleural layers.

88
Q

spinal cavity

spinal canal

A

Space within the spinal column (backbones) containing the spinal cord.

89
Q

thoracic cavity

A

Space in the chest containing the heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus, and other organs.

90
Q

ventral (anterior)

A

Pertaining to the front.

91
Q

Cranial

A

Brain, pituitary gland.

92
Q

Thoracic

A

Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta (large artery).

93
Q

Pleural cavity

Part of Thoracic

A

space between the folds of the pleura surrounding each lung. The pleura is a double-folded membrane that surrounds the lungs and protects them. If the pleura is inflamed (as in pleuritis, also called pleurisy), the pleural cavity may fill with fluid.

94
Q

Mediastinum

Part of Thoracic

A

centrally located space outside of and between the lungs. It contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes.

95
Q

Abdominal

A

The peritoneum is the double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs situated behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the backbone. Also contains the stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, divides the abdominal and thoracic cavities.

96
Q

Pelvic

A

Portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters; uterus and vagina in the female.

97
Q

Spinal

A

Nerves of the spinal cord.

98
Q

adipose tissue

A

Collection of fat cells.

99
Q

cartilage

A

Flexible connective tissue attached to bones at joints. For example, it surrounds the trachea and forms part of the external ear and nose.

100
Q

epithelial cells

A

Skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces of organs.

101
Q

histologist

A

Specialist in the study of tissues.

102
Q

larynx

A

“Voice box”: located at the upper part of the trachea.

103
Q

pharynx

A

Throat. The pharynx serves as the common passageway for food (from the mouth going to the esophagus) and air (from the nose to the trachea).

104
Q

pituitary gland

A

Endocrine gland at the base of the brain.

105
Q

thyroid gland

A

Endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck.

106
Q

trachea

A

“Windpipe” (tube leading from the throat to the bronchial tubes).

107
Q

ureter

A

One of two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder.

108
Q

urethra

A

Tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.

109
Q

uterus

A

The womb. The organ that holds the embryo/fetus as it develops.

110
Q

viscera

A

Internal organs.

111
Q

Digestive

A

Mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, intestines (small and large), liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

112
Q

Urinary or excretory

A

Kidneys, ureters (tubes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder), urinary bladder, urethra (tube from the bladder to the outside of the body).

113
Q

Respiratory

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx (“voice box”), trachea (“windpipe”), bronchial tubes, lungs (where the exchange of gases takes place).

114
Q

Reproductive (female)

A

Female: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (womb), vagina, mammary glads.

115
Q

Reproductive (male)

A

Male: Testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland.

116
Q

Endocrine

A

Thyroid gland (in the neck), pituitary gland (at the base of the brain), sex glands (ovaries and testes), adrenal glands, pancreas (islets of Langerhans), parathyroid glands.

117
Q

Nervous

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and collection of nerves.

118
Q

Circulatory

A

Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland.

119
Q

Musculoskeletal

A

Muscles, bones, and joints.

120
Q

Skin and sense organs

A

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands; eye, ear, nose, and tongue.

121
Q

anabolism

A

Process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids.

122
Q

catabolism

A

Process whereby complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released.

123
Q

cell membrane

A

Structure surrounding and protecting the cell. It determines what enters and leaves the cell.

124
Q

chromosomes

A

Rod-shaped structures in the nucleus that contain regions of DNA called genes. There are 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in every cell except for the egg and sperm cells, which contain only 23 individual, unpaired chromosomes.

125
Q

cytoplasm

A

All the material that is outside the nucleus and yet contained within the cell membrane.

126
Q

DNA

A

Chemical found within each chromosome. Arranged like a sequence of recipes in code, it directs the activities of the cell.

127
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

Network of canals within the cytoplasm of the cell. Here, large proteins are made from smaller protein pieces.

128
Q

genes

A

Regions of DNA within each chromosome.

129
Q

karyotype

A

Picture of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. The chromosomes are arranged in numerical order to determine their number and structure.

130
Q

metabolism

A

Total of the chemical processes in a call. It includes catabolism and anabolism.

131
Q

mitochondria

A

Structures in the cytoplasm that provide the principal source of energy (miniature “power plants”) for the cell. Catabolism is the process that occurs in mitochondria. (From the Greek mitos meaning thread, and chondrion meaning granule.)

132
Q

nucleus

A

Control center of the cell. It contains chromosomes and directs the activities of the cell.

Medical Terminology (65 decks)

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