Chapter 2 Flashcards
abdomin/o
abdomen
adip/o
fat
anter/o
front
bol/o
to cast (throw)
cervic/o
neck (of the body or of the uterus)
chondr/o
cartilage (type of connective tissue)
chrom/o
colour
coccyg/o
coccyx (tailbone)
crani/o
skull
cyt/o
cell
dist/o
far. distant
dors/o
back portion of the body
hist/o
tissue
ili/o
ilium (part of the pelvic bone)
inguin/o
groin
kary/o
nucleus
later/o
side
lumb/o
lower back (side and back between ribs and the pelvis)
medi/o
middle
nucle/o
nucleus
pelv/i
pelvis, hip region
poster/o
back, behind
proxim/o
nearest
sacr/o
flesh
spin/o
spine, backbone
thel/o
theli/o
nipple
thorac/o
chest
trache/o
trachea, windpipe
umbilic/o
navel, umbilicus
ventr/o
belly side of the body
vertebr/o
vertebra(e), backbone(s)
viscer/o
internal organs
ana-
up
cata-
down
epi-
above
hypo-
below
inter-
between
meta-
change
-eal
pertaining to
-iac
pertaining to
-ior
pertaining to
-ism
process, condition
-ose
pertaining to, full of
-plasm
formation
-somes
bodies
-type
picture, classification
anterior (ventral)
Front surface of the body.
deep
Away from the surface.
distal
Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure.
frontal (coronal) plane
Vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions.
inferior (caudal)
Below another structure: pertaining to the tail or lower portion of the body.
lateral
Pertaining to the side.
medial
Pertaining to the middle or near the medial plane of the body.
posterior (dorsal)
Back surface of the body.
prone
Lying on the belly (dace down, palms down).
proximal
Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure.
sagittal (lateral) plane
Lengthwise, vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides. From the Latin sagitta, meaning arrow. The midsagittal plane divides the body into right and left halves.
superficial
On the surface.
superior (cephalic)
Above another structure; pertaining to the head.
supine
Lying on the back (face up, palms up).
transverse (axial) plane
Horizontal (cross-sectional) plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions.
LLQ
Left lower quadrant.
vertebra
Single backbone.
vertebrae
Backbones.
spinal column
Bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity.
spinal cord
Nervous tissue within the spinal cavity.
disc
Pad of cartilage between vertebrae.
hypochondriac
Right and left upper regions beneath the ribs.
epigastric
Middle upper region above the stomach.
lumbar
Right and left middle regions near the waist.
umbilical
Central region near the waist.
inguinal regions
Right and left lower regions near the groin.
hypogastric
Middle lower region below the umbilical region.
Cervical
Neck region. (C1-C7).
Thoracic
Chest region. Each bone is joined to a rib. (T1-T12).
Lumbar
Loin (waist) or flank region (between the ribs and hipbone). (L1-L5).
Sacral
5 bones are fused to form one bone, the sacrum. (S1-S5).
Coccygeal
The coccyx (tailbone) is a small bone composed of 4 fused pieces.
abdominal cavity
Space below the chest containing organs such as the liver, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines; also called the abdomen.
cranial cavity
Space in the head containing the brain and surrounded by the skull. Cranial means pertaining to the skull.
diaphragm
Muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities. The diaphragm moves up and down and aids in breathing.
dorsal (posterior)
Pertaining to the back.
mediastinum
Centrally located space outside of and between the lungs.
pelvic cavity
Space below the abdomen containing portions of the intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs. Pelvic means pertaining to the pelvis, composed of the hip bones surrounding the pelvic cavity.
peritoneum
Double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity.
pleura
Doubled-folded membrane surrounding each lung. Pleural means pertaining to the pleura.
pleural cavity
Space between the pleural layers.
spinal cavity
spinal canal
Space within the spinal column (backbones) containing the spinal cord.
thoracic cavity
Space in the chest containing the heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus, and other organs.
ventral (anterior)
Pertaining to the front.
Cranial
Brain, pituitary gland.
Thoracic
Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta (large artery).
Pleural cavity
Part of Thoracic
space between the folds of the pleura surrounding each lung. The pleura is a double-folded membrane that surrounds the lungs and protects them. If the pleura is inflamed (as in pleuritis, also called pleurisy), the pleural cavity may fill with fluid.
Mediastinum
Part of Thoracic
centrally located space outside of and between the lungs. It contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes.
Abdominal
The peritoneum is the double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs situated behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the backbone. Also contains the stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, divides the abdominal and thoracic cavities.
Pelvic
Portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters; uterus and vagina in the female.
Spinal
Nerves of the spinal cord.
adipose tissue
Collection of fat cells.
cartilage
Flexible connective tissue attached to bones at joints. For example, it surrounds the trachea and forms part of the external ear and nose.
epithelial cells
Skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces of organs.
histologist
Specialist in the study of tissues.
larynx
“Voice box”: located at the upper part of the trachea.
pharynx
Throat. The pharynx serves as the common passageway for food (from the mouth going to the esophagus) and air (from the nose to the trachea).
pituitary gland
Endocrine gland at the base of the brain.
thyroid gland
Endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck.
trachea
“Windpipe” (tube leading from the throat to the bronchial tubes).
ureter
One of two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder.
urethra
Tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
uterus
The womb. The organ that holds the embryo/fetus as it develops.
viscera
Internal organs.
Digestive
Mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, intestines (small and large), liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
Urinary or excretory
Kidneys, ureters (tubes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder), urinary bladder, urethra (tube from the bladder to the outside of the body).
Respiratory
Nose, pharynx, larynx (“voice box”), trachea (“windpipe”), bronchial tubes, lungs (where the exchange of gases takes place).
Reproductive (female)
Female: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (womb), vagina, mammary glads.
Reproductive (male)
Male: Testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland.
Endocrine
Thyroid gland (in the neck), pituitary gland (at the base of the brain), sex glands (ovaries and testes), adrenal glands, pancreas (islets of Langerhans), parathyroid glands.
Nervous
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and collection of nerves.
Circulatory
Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland.
Musculoskeletal
Muscles, bones, and joints.
Skin and sense organs
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands; eye, ear, nose, and tongue.
anabolism
Process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids.
catabolism
Process whereby complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released.
cell membrane
Structure surrounding and protecting the cell. It determines what enters and leaves the cell.
chromosomes
Rod-shaped structures in the nucleus that contain regions of DNA called genes. There are 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in every cell except for the egg and sperm cells, which contain only 23 individual, unpaired chromosomes.
cytoplasm
All the material that is outside the nucleus and yet contained within the cell membrane.
DNA
Chemical found within each chromosome. Arranged like a sequence of recipes in code, it directs the activities of the cell.
endoplasmic reticulum
Network of canals within the cytoplasm of the cell. Here, large proteins are made from smaller protein pieces.
genes
Regions of DNA within each chromosome.
karyotype
Picture of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. The chromosomes are arranged in numerical order to determine their number and structure.
metabolism
Total of the chemical processes in a call. It includes catabolism and anabolism.
mitochondria
Structures in the cytoplasm that provide the principal source of energy (miniature “power plants”) for the cell. Catabolism is the process that occurs in mitochondria. (From the Greek mitos meaning thread, and chondrion meaning granule.)
nucleus
Control center of the cell. It contains chromosomes and directs the activities of the cell.
