Chapter 12: Pathology Flashcards
auscultation
listening to sounds within the body
percussion
tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure
pleural rub
scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other
rales (crackles)
fine crackling sounds heard on auscultation (during inhalation) when there is fluid in the alveoli
rhonchus
rhonchi
loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum
sputum
material expelled from the bronchi, lungs, or upper respiratory tract by spitting
stridor
strained high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by the obstruction in the pharynx or larynx
wheezes
continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing
croup
acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, accompanied by barking cough and stridor
diphtheria
acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by the diphtheria bacterium
epistaxis
nosebleed
pertussis
whooping cough; highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea caused by bordetella pertussis
asthma
chronic bronchial inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction due to bronchial edema and constriction and increased mucus production
bronchiectasis
chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection
chronic bronchitis
inflammation of bronchi persisting over a long time; type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
cystic fibrosis (CF)
inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucinous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally
atelectasis
collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli
emphysema
hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls
lung cancer
malignant tumour arising from the lungs and bronchi
pneumoconiosis
abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs, with chronic inflammation, infection and bronchitis
pneumonia
acute inflammation and infection of alveoli, which fill with pus or products of the inflammatory reaction
pulmonary abscess
large collection of pus (bacterial infection) in the lungs
pulmonary edema
fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles
pulmonary embolism (PE)
clot or other material lodges in vessels of the lung
pulmonary fibrosis
formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs
sarcoidosis
chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules (granulomas) develop in lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs
tuberculosis (TB)
infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs usually are involved, but any organ in the body may be affected
mesothelioma
rare malignant tumour arising in the pleura
pleural effusion
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space (cavity)
pleurisy (pleuritis)
inflammation of the pleura
pneumothorax
collection of air in the pleural space
anthracosis
coal dust accumulates in the lungs
asbestosis
asbestos particles accumulate in the lungs
bacillus
bacilli
rod-shaped bacteria (cause of tuberculosis)
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
chronic condition of persistent obstruction of air flow through bronchial tubes and lungs
cor pulmonale
failure of the right side of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to the lungs because of underlying lung disease
exudates
fluid, cells and other substances (pus) that filter from cells or capillaries ooze into lesions or areas of inflammation
hydrothorax
collection of fluid in the pleural cavity
infiltrate
collection of fluid or other material within the lung, as seen on a chest film, CT scan or other radiologic image
palliative
relieving symptoms, but not curing the disease
paroxysmal
pertaining to a sudden occurence, such as a spasm or seizure
pulmonary infarction
area of necrosis
purulent
containing pus
silicosis
disease due to silica or glass dust in the lungs
chest x-ray (CXR)
radiographic image of the thoracic cavity (chest film)
computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest
computed-generated series of x-ray images show thoracic structures in cross section and other planes
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest
magnetic waves create detailed images of the chest in frontal, lateral (sagittal) and cross-sectional (axial) planes
positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the lung
radioactive glucose is injected and images reveal metabolic activity in the lungs
ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
detection device records radioactivity in the lung after injection of a radioisotape or inhalation of small amount of radioactive gas (xenon)
bronchoscopy
fiberoptic endoscope examination of the bronchial tubes
endotracheal intubation
placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx and trachea to establish an airway
laryngoscopy
visual examination of the voice box
lung biopsy
removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination
mediastinoscopy
endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
tests that measure the ventilation mechanics of the lungs: airway function, lung volume, and the capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide efficiently
thoracentesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural space
thoracotomy
large surgical incision of the chest
thoracoscopy (thorascopy)
visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope
tracheostomy
surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck
tuberculin test
determines past or present tuberculous infection based on a positive skin reaction
tube thoracostomy
a flexible, plastic chest tube is passed into the pleural space through an opening in the chest
