Chapter 18: Pathology Flashcards
hyperthyroidism
overactivity of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis
hypothyroidism
underactivity of the thyroid gland
exophthalmos
protrusion of the eyeballs, or proptosis
myxedema
advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood
cretinism
extreme hypotbyroidism during infancy and childhood
thyroid carcinoma
cancer of the thyroid gland
hyperparathyroidism
excessive production of parathormone
hypoparathyroidism
deficient production of parathyroid hormone
adrenal virilism
excessive secretion of adrenal androgens
Cushing syndrome
group of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex
Addison disease
hypofuctioning of the adrenal cortex
pheochromocytoma
benign tumour of the adrenal medulla; tumour cells stain a dark or dusky colour
hyperinsulinism
excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia
diabetes mellitus
lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells
acromegaly
hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary after puberty, leading to enlargement of extremities
gigantism
hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues
dwarfism
congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone; hypopituitary dwarfism
panhypopituitarism
deficiency of all pituitary hormones
syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone
diabetes insipidus
insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
also known as fasting blood sugar test. measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours
serum and urine tests
measurement of hormones, electrolyts, glucose, and other substances in serum (blood) and urine as indicators of endocrine function
thyroid function tests
measurement of T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream
exophthalmometry
measurement of eyeball protrusion with an exophthalmometer
computed tomography (CT) scan
x-ray imaging of endocrine glands in cross section and other views, to assess size and infiltration by tumour
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
magnetic waves produce images of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to locate abnormalities
thyroid scan
scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes the thyroid gland
ultrasound examination
sound waves show images of endocrine organs
