Chapter 18: Pathology

Question 1

hyperthyroidism

Answer 1

overactivity of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis

Question 2

hypothyroidism

Answer 2

underactivity of the thyroid gland

Question 3

exophthalmos

Answer 3

protrusion of the eyeballs, or proptosis

Question 4

myxedema

Answer 4

advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood

Question 5

cretinism

Answer 5

extreme hypotbyroidism during infancy and childhood

Question 6

thyroid carcinoma

Answer 6

cancer of the thyroid gland

Question 7

hyperparathyroidism

Answer 7

excessive production of parathormone

Question 8

hypoparathyroidism

Answer 8

deficient production of parathyroid hormone

Question 9

adrenal virilism

Answer 9

excessive secretion of adrenal androgens

Question 10

Cushing syndrome

Answer 10

group of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex

Question 11

Addison disease

Answer 11

hypofuctioning of the adrenal cortex

Question 12

pheochromocytoma

Answer 12

benign tumour of the adrenal medulla; tumour cells stain a dark or dusky colour

Question 13

hyperinsulinism

Answer 13

excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia

Question 14

diabetes mellitus

Answer 14

lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells

Question 15

acromegaly

Answer 15

hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary after puberty, leading to enlargement of extremities

Question 16

gigantism

Answer 16

hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues

Question 17

dwarfism

Answer 17

congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone; hypopituitary dwarfism

Question 18

panhypopituitarism

Answer 18

deficiency of all pituitary hormones

Question 19

syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

Answer 19

excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone

Question 20

diabetes insipidus

Answer 20

insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

Question 21

fasting plasma glucose (FPG)

Answer 21

also known as fasting blood sugar test. measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours

Question 22

serum and urine tests

Answer 22

measurement of hormones, electrolyts, glucose, and other substances in serum (blood) and urine as indicators of endocrine function

Question 23

thyroid function tests

Answer 23

measurement of T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream

Question 24

exophthalmometry

Answer 24

measurement of eyeball protrusion with an exophthalmometer

Question 25

computed tomography (CT) scan

Answer 25

x-ray imaging of endocrine glands in cross section and other views, to assess size and infiltration by tumour

Question 26

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer 26

magnetic waves produce images of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to locate abnormalities

Question 27

thyroid scan

Answer 27

scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes the thyroid gland

Question 28

ultrasound examination

Answer 28

sound waves show images of endocrine organs