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Medical Terminology > Chapter 11: Pathology, Lab Tests > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Pathology, Lab Tests Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

arrhythmias

A

abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias)

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2
Q

bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)

A

failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

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3
Q

flutter

A

rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria

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4
Q

fibrillation

A

very rapid, random, inefficient and irregular contractions of the heart (350 beats or more per minute)

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5
Q

palpitations

A

uncomfortable sensations in the chest from missed heartbeats

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6
Q

palpation

A

to touch, feel or examine with the hands and fingers

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7
Q

congenital heart disease

A

abnormalities in the heart at birth

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8
Q

coarctation of the aorta (CoA)

A

narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta

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9
Q

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

A

passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open (patent) after birth

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10
Q

septal defects

A

small holes in the wall between the atria (atrial septal defects) or the ventricles (ventricular septal defects)

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11
Q

tetralogy of Fallot

A

congenital malformation involving four (tetra-) distinct heart defects

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12
Q

congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood

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13
Q

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

disease of the arteries surrounding the heart

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14
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

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15
Q

hypertensive heart disease

A

high blood pressure affecting the heart

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16
Q

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A

improper closure of the mitral valve

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17
Q

murmur

A

extra heart sound, heard between normal beats

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18
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart

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19
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

heart disease caused by rheumatic fever

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20
Q

aneurysm

A

local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall

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21
Q

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

blood clot (thrombus) forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb

22
Q

hypertension (HTN)

A

high blood pressure

23
Q

peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

A

blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys and other organs

24
Q

raynaud disease

A

recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes

25
Q

varicose veins

A

abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs

26
Q

BNP test

A

measurement of BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) in blood

27
Q

cardiac biomarkers

A

chemicals are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack

28
Q

lipid tests (lipid profile)

A

measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample

29
Q

lioprotein electrophoresis

A

lipoproteins (combinations of fat and protein) are physically separated and measured in a blood sample

30
Q

angiography

A

x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material

31
Q

computed tomography angiography (CTA)

A

three-dimensional x-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries using computed tomography (64-slice CT scanner)

32
Q

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

A

video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels

33
Q

electron beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT)

A

electron beans and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early CAD

34
Q

Doppler ultrasound studies

A

sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels

35
Q

echocardiography (ECHO)

A

echoes generated by high-frequency sound waves produce images of the heart

36
Q

position emission tomography (PET) scan

A

images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose

37
Q

technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan

A

technetium Tc 99m sestamibi injected intravenously is taken up in cardiac tissue, where it is detected by scanning

38
Q

thallium 201 scan

A

concentration of radioactive thallium is measured to give information about blood supply to the heart muscle

39
Q

cardiac MRI

A

images of the heart are produced using radiowave energy in a magnetic field

40
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery

41
Q

electrocardiography (ECG)

A

recording of electricity flowing though the heart

42
Q

Holter monitering

A

an ECG device is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias

43
Q

stress test

A

exercise tolerance test (ETT) determines the heart’s response to physical exertion (stress)

44
Q

catheter ablation

A

brief delivery of radiofrequency energy to destroy areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias

45
Q

coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

A

arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages

46
Q

defibrillation

A

brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to sop dysrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation)

47
Q

endarterectomy

A

surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery

48
Q

extracorporeal circulation

A

heart-lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired

49
Q

heart transplantation

A

a donor heart is transferred to a recipient

50
Q

percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

A

balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place

51
Q

thrombolytic therapy

A

drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients with coronary thrombosis

52
Q

transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)

A

placement of a balloon-expandable aortic heart valve into the body via a catheter

Medical Terminology (65 decks)

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