48 - Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities Flashcards
Azotemia= __
elevated levels of serum nitrogen (Cr or urea)
Plasma Cr is __ to GFR
inverted
Urine Cr is __ with GFR
correlated
Cr clearance is calculated by the amount of __ Cr/__Cr in __h urine collection.
urine/blood ml/min
24
CKD will usually present with __, hypo_, and hyper_.
anemia
hypocalcemia
hyperphosphatemia
Pre renal azotemia is usually caused by decreased renal __.
perfusion
The main reasons for decreased renal perfusion are: 4
decreased blood volume
fluid retention
decreased in effective volume (sepsis/cardiogenic shock)
renal vasoconstriction (HF, hepatorenal syndrome, NSAID)
Renal hypoperfusion can lead to acute __ necrosis
tubular
Pre renal azotemia is defined by __ urine and reabsorption of __ (__<1%), and high __/__.
concentrated
sodium
FeNa
U Cr / P Cr
ATN=__
acute tubular necrosis
ATN is defined by __ urine. __>1%. In urine analysis: 3
diluted FeNa cell debris muddy brown casts granular casts
90% of intrinsic kidney disease are caused by __ or __ __.
ischemic
toxic
ATN
ATN occurs mostly after: 4
large surgery
hypovolemia
sepsis
burn
If RBC casts are present in urine analysis - look for __
glomerulonephritis
Post renal azotemia is caused by obstruction of the: __/ __/ __. Diagnosis is made using __.
bladder/urethra/both ureters
US