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GI - 2 > 17-2 -- Esophagus > Flashcards

17-2 -- Esophagus Flashcards

1
Q

3 Functional causes of Esophageal obstruction?

A

Nutcracker Esophagus
Diffuse Esophageal Spasms
LES dysfunction - increased pressure

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2
Q

What can cause Zenker Diverticulum?

A

Increased intraesophageal pressure

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3
Q

Functional causes of Esophageal obstruction disrupt?

A

Coordinated peristalsis

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4
Q

What can cause Benign Esophageal Stenosis?

A

Inflammation and scarring from GERD

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5
Q

How does Benign Esophageal Stenosis differ from carcinomas?

A

Patient maintains appetite and weight

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6
Q

Esophageal webs are associated with?

A

GERD, skin diseases, graft vs. host

Plummer Vinson Syndrome

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7
Q

Plummer Vinson Syndrome

A

Iron deficient anemia, Cheilosis, Koilonychia, Glossitis

=> Esophageal webs

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8
Q

Semi-circumferential lesions in the esophagus

A

Webs

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9
Q

Circumferential and thicker lesions in the esophagus

A

Schatzki’s rings

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10
Q

2 Types of Schatzki’s rings?

A

Type A - Above GE junction

Type B - @ Squamocolumnar juction

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11
Q

Type A Schatzki rings are covered by what type of mucosa?

A

Squamous

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12
Q

Type B Schatzki rings are covered by what type of mucosa?

A

Gastric mucosa

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13
Q

Triad of Achalasia?

A
  1. Incomplete LES relaxation
  2. Increased LES tone
  3. Aperistalsis of esophagus
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14
Q

Triad of Achalasia?

A
  1. Incomplete LES relaxation
  2. Increased LES tone
  3. Aperistalsis of esophagus
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15
Q

Primary Achalasia is due to?

A

Degeneration of Nitric Oxide producing neurons that normally relax LES

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16
Q

Secondary Achalasia is due to?

A 
Chagas disease (Trypanosoma Cruzi)
- Destroys myenteric plexus
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17
Q

In what direction are Mallory Weiss Tears?

A

Longitudinal mucosal tears

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18
Q

What usually causes Mallory Weiss Tears?

A

Alcohol use that results in severe retching and vomiting

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19
Q

In what esophageal tear will it likely present with hematemesis?

A

Mallory Weiss Tear

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20
Q

In what esophageal tear will it likely present with chest pain, tachypnea, shock?

A

Boerhaave Syndrome

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21
Q

Describe how Esophageal Varices (dilated veins) arise?

A
  • Portal Hypertension causes impaired blood flow
  • Collateral veins develop
    = Some drainage occurs but then also causes congestion and dilation of the venous plexuses in esophagus and stomach
22
Q

Describe how Esophageal Varices (dilated veins) arise?

A
  • Portal Hypertension causes impaired blood flow
  • Collateral veins develop
    = Some drainage occurs but then also causes congestion and dilation of the venous plexuses in esophagus and stomach
23
Q

4 treatment options if Esophageal Varices rupture?

A
  • Splanchnic Vasoconstriction
  • Sclerotherapy (thrombotic agents)
  • Balloon Tamponade
  • Variceal Ligation
24
Q

4 treatment options if Esophageal Varices rupture?

A
  • Splanchnic Vasoconstriction
  • Sclerotherapy (thrombotic agents)
  • Balloon Tamponade
  • Variceal Ligation
25
Those who had Esophageal Varices rupture are at an increased risk for recurrent hemorrhage within?
1 year
26
3 common causes of Infectious Esophagitis?
- Herpes Simplex Virus - CMV - Candidiasis
27
If Herpes Simplex Virus is causing the Infectious Esophagitis, how will the ulcers look?
Deep, punched out appearance
28
If Herpes Simplex Virus is causing the infectious Esophagitis, how will the histo present?
Viral nuclear inclusions @ margin of ulcer | - in degenerating, multinucleate, epithelial cells
29
If Herpes Simplex Virus is causing the infectious Esophagitis, how will the histo present?
Viral nuclear inclusions @ margin of ulcer | - in degenerating, multinucleate, epithelial cells
30
If CMV is causing the Infectious Esophagitis, how will the ulcers look?
Shallow, superficial
31
If CMV is causing the Infectious Esophagitis, how will the histo present?
Nuclear and Cytoplasmic inclusions in capillary endothelium
32
If CMV is causing the Infectious Esophagitis, how will the histo present?
Nuclear and Cytoplasmic inclusions in capillary endothelium
33
What is the most frequent cause of Esophagitis?
GERD
34
GERD can be caused by?
LES relaxation
35
Barrett's Esophagus creates an increased risk for?
Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
36
How can Barrett's Esophagus be diagnosed?
EGD with biopsy | - Columnar cells + Goblet cells instead of stratified squamous at the distal esophagus
37
Esophageal tumors that are submucosal, mesenchymal, and usually smooth muscle tumors are?
BENIGN
38
SCC/Adenocarcinoma - location
SCC - Iran, China, Hong Kong | Adenocarcinoma - US, UK, Canada
39
SCC/Adenocarcinoma - risk populations
SCC - African American Males | Adenocarcinoma - White Males
40
SCC/Adenocarcinoma - risk factors
SCC - tobacco, alcohol, poverty, HOT beverages, LOW fruits and veggies, esophageal injury Adenocarcinoma - GERD, Barrett's Esophagus, tobacco
41
What can decrease the risk for developing Adenocarcionma?
H. Pylori
42
What in Kenya can increase risk for developing SCC?
Mursik (fermented milk) | - Contains Acetaldehyde
43
Increased SOX2 and Cyclin D1
SCC
44
Increased SOX2 and Cyclin D1
SCC
45
SCC/Adenocarcionma - location
SCC - Middle 1/3 of esophagus | Adenocarcinoma - Lower 1/3 of esophagus
46
1st symptoms of SCC?
Aspiration of food due to TE fistula
47
Aspiration of food due to TE fistula may indicate?
SCC
48
Small, grey plaques that grow into tumor masses that may cause obstruction are seen with?
SCC
49
Flat or raised patches that can infiltrate or ulcerate are seen with?
Adenocarcinoma
50
What do Adenocarcinomas produce/form?
Produce Mucin | Form Glands
51
What cells can be seen with Adenocarcinomas?
Signet Cells
52
What do Adenocarcinomas produce/form?
Produce Mucin | Form Glands

GI - 2 (61 decks)

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