What are the Major Groups of Tetrapods?

Question 1

noun : a relative who lived a long time ago

ced, ata

My ——-s came from Ireland.

Tetrapods are a monophyletic (descending from a common ———) group of land animals that evolved approximately 365 million years ago from lobe-finned fish called sarcopterygians.

——-ral adjective : ​ geçmişteki atalara ait

Answer 1

• ancestor

Question 2

verb : LIFE : to develop from other forms of life over millions of years

yıllar içinde diğer canlı türlerinden türeyerek gelişmek

DEVELOP : to develop or make something develop, usually gradually

zamanla/yavaş yavaş/tedricen gelişmek, geliştirmek

rapidly ——-ing technology

Tetrapods are a monophyletic (descending from a common ancestor) group of land animals that ——d approximately 365 million years ago from lobe-finned fish called sarcopterygians.

Answer 2

• evolve

Question 3

noun : an area of very wet, soft land

bataklık, batak

It is thought that tetrapods evolved incrementally from fish adapted to swim through weed-choked ——s.

Answer 3

• swamp

Question 4

verb: ​STOP BREATHING [I, T] ​ If you —–, or if something —-s you, you stop breathing because something is blocking your throat.

nefesi tıka(n)mak, boğ(ul)mak, boğazına bir şey kaçmak

Children can —— on peanuts.

FILL [T] also —— up ​: to fill something such as a road or pipe so that nothing can pass through

tıkamak, tıkanmak [often passive]

The roads were ——-d with traffic.

It is thought that tetrapods evolved incrementally from fish adapted to swim through weed——-d swamps.

Answer 4

• choke

Question 5

adjective : NOT DEVELOPED ​ relating to human society at a very early stage of development, with people living in a simple way without machines or a writing system

ilkel; ilk çağlara/ilk insanlara ait

-—— man

The earliest tetrapods, called basal or stem tetrapods, such as the species Acanthostega, are more ——– than the common ancestor of all tetrapods alive today, and so do not fall into any of the main tetrapod groups

BASIC ​ very basic or old-fashioned

ilkel, iptidaî

The conditions at the campsite were rather ——.

Answer 5

primitive

Question 6

adjective : If a type of animal is —–, it does not now exist.

nesli yok olmuş, soyu tükenmiş

There are only a few dozen species in this classification, and they are all long ——.

Answer 6

• extinct

Question 7

adjective : spelling of foetal

cenine ait

Both synapsids and sauropsids are amniotes, meaning the —— forms are nurtured by a complex series of nutrients and membranes until they mature enough to breathe air and walk the world independently.

Answer 7

• fetal

Question 8

verb : ENCOURAGE ​ to encourage or support the development of someone or something

destek olmak, gelişmesine yardımcı olmak, teşvik etmek

He was an inspiring leader who ——d the talents of his colleagues.

Both synapsids and sauropsids are amniotes, meaning the fetal forms are ——-d by a complex series of nutrients and membranes until they mature enough to breathe air and walk the world independently.

LOOK AFTER ​ to look after, feed, and protect young children, animals, or plants

bakmak, büyütmek, ilgilenmek, beslemek, yetiştirmek

The rains ——–d the newly planted crops.

Answer 8

• nurture

Question 9

noun :the organ inside a woman’s body where a baby grows

rahim, döl yatağı, vajina

For synapsids, this involves a —– (placental mammals) or a pouch (marsupials).

Answer 9

• womb

Question 10

noun : BAG ​ a small, soft bag made of leather or cloth

kese, cep

ANIMAL ​ a pocket of skin in which some female animals carry their babies

hayvanların yavrularını taşıdıkları kese

For synapsids, this involves a womb (placental mammals) or a ——- (marsupials).

Answer 10

• pouch

Question 11

noun : an animal whose body is covered with scales (= pieces of hard skin), and whose blood changes temperature, for example a snake

sürüngen

Hylonomus is the earliest confirmed ——- as of this writing, while Archaeothyris is the earliest synapsid.

——ian adjective : ​ ​ like a ——, or relating to ——-s

sürüngen gibi, sürüngenlerle ilgili

Answer 11

• reptile

Question 12

verb : ​ ​ to look like or be like someone or something

benzemek

She ——-s her father.

Both ——–d small lizards, and were dwarfed by the large amphibians which dominated terrestrial ecosystems at the time.

Answer 12

• resemble

Question 13

verb : If something dwarfs other things, it is very big and makes them seem small.

cüceleştirmek; cüce gibi göstermek

[often passive] The hotel is ——ed by skyscrapers.

Both resembled small lizards, and were ——ed by the large amphibians which dominated terrestrial ecosystems at the time.

Answer 13

• dwarf

Question 14

adjective : ​EMPTY ​ : Somewhere that is vacant is available because it is not being used.

açık, boş, tutulmamış, kullanılmıyor

a —— building

It wasn’t until after an ice age near the end of the Carboniferous that some of the large amphibians began to die out and synapsids and sauropsids increased in size to fill ——– niches.

JOB ​ : A vacant job is available for someone to do.

(iş) açık, boş, müsait

EXPRESSION ​ : A ——- expression on someone’s face shows they are not thinking about anything.

(yüz ifadesi) anlamsız, boş boş

——–ly adverb

kullanılmayan, boş durumda

Answer 14

• vacant

Question 15

noun : ACTIVITY ​ a job or activity that is very suitable for someone

uygun yer/iş/mevkî

After years of job dissatisfaction, he’s at last found his —– in financial services.

It wasn’t until after an ice age near the end of the Carboniferous that some of the large amphibians began to die out and synapsids and sauropsids increased in size to fill vacant —–s.

HOLE ​ a hollow space cut into a wall

duvarda bulunan oyuk, niş

Answer 15

• niche