Virology Flashcards

1
Q

binds CD4, CCR5, CXCR4 on T cell or Macrophage cell membrane to mediate HIV attachment

A

Gp120

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2
Q

When is CCR5 bound and where is it found?

A

Early infection by Gp120
on MQ
aka R5 strains

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3
Q

When is CXCR4 bound and where is it found?

A

Late infection by Gp120
on T cells
aka X4 strains

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4
Q

Homozygous CCR5 mutation =

A

immunity to HIV

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5
Q

Heterozygous mutation CCR5 =

A

Slower course of HIV

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6
Q

Reverse transcriptase of HIV synthesize ____ which integrates into host genome

A

dsDNA

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7
Q

encodes reverse transcriptase (RT), integrase (IN), protease (PR)

A

Pol (polymerase)

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8
Q

encodes HIV capsid (p24) and matrix (p17) proteins

aka CORE proteins

A

Gag

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9
Q

HIV uses _____ for fusion and entry

A

gp41

Four-1 = Fus1on

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10
Q

what codes for gp120 and gp41 in HIV which are formed from the cleavage of gp160

A

env (envelope) gene

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11
Q

Diploid genome 2 molecules of RNA

A

HIV

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12
Q

HIV AB-immunoassays during acute HIV infection phase to detect viral ___
and IgG ABs to _____

How to confirm HIV during serologic window phase

A

p24 Ag capsid

IgG ABs to HIV1/2

Nucleic acid testing (NAT aka PCR) for HIV RNA becomes [+] earlier than p24/antibodies (i.e. in the serologic window) → useful for confirming acute HIV infection

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13
Q
1-2 months
what is seen in Acute HIV infection serology?
HIV RNA
CD4+
CD8+
Anti–gp120 AB
A

High RNA load ( It’s over a thousand!!!!)

Low CD4+ (~500)
Normal CD8+
Rising Anti–gp120 ABs

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14
Q
0-1 month
what is seen in window period of HIV serology?
HIV RNA
CD4+
CD8+
Anti–gp120 AB
A

Rising HIV RNA (may not be detectable)

Falling CD4+ (~700-800)
Normal CD8+
No Anti–gp120 AB

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15
Q

What CD4+ count = AIDS

A

<200

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16
Q

During clinical latency HIV replicates in the

A

Lymph Nodes

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17
Q

What kind of RNA virus is HIV (+/–)

A

+ RNA (2 copies)

18
Q

HIV encodes reverse transcriptase an _____ polymerase which transcribes ___ into ___

A

RNA-dependent DNA Polymerase

(1) single-stranded viral RNA
(2) double-stranded DNA

19
Q

The HIV virion has a _____ capsid composed of subunits of ___ (capsid protein)

A

conical capsid

p24

20
Q

The HIV virion contains a protective shell composed of subunits of ___ (matrix protein)

A

p17

21
Q

gp41 is a _____ protein and gp120 is and _____ protein

A

transmembrane

outer

22
Q

CCR5 or CXCR4 are _______ co-receptors

A

chemokine

23
Q

HIV can be transmitted sexually, parentally (IVDU), and _____ during ___, ___, ___,

A

vertically (i.e. mother to infant)

pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding

24
Q

Early in HIV infection, patients may develop acute retroviral syndrome, which presents with

A

Fever/ Flu-like symptoms

25
Q

HIV infection is followed by clinical latency, an asymptomatic period lasting ____ years

A

8-10

*HIV RNA levels are constant during this time

26
Q

catalyzes the integration of double-stranded viral DNA into host cell DNA

A

Integrase

27
Q

The envelope precursor protein gp160 is processed in the host cell ______ and ______ to gp120 and gp41

A

endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

28
Q

cleaves most viral polyproteins into functional proteins

A

protease

29
Q

Neutralizing IgG antibodies primarily target ___

A

gp120

30
Q

gp120 exhibits a high degree of ___________, preventing the host from mounting an effective immune response

A

Antigenic variation

31
Q

gp120 is heavily _______, protecting it from immune surveillance

A

glycosylated

32
Q

competitively bind reverse transcriptase → prevention of nucleotide binding → inhibition of DNA elongation

A

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

33
Q

allosterically bind reverse transcriptase → change in conformation of active site → prevention of DNA elongation

A

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

34
Q

bind integrase, preventing the incorporation of viral DNA into host cell DNA

A

Integrase inhibitors (bictegravir, dolutegravir, elvitegravir, raltegravir)

NOTICE (TEGRA)

35
Q

Side effects of ______ include neurological and psychiatric symptoms and muscle breakdown (check a CK level if your patient complains of soreness)

A

Integrase inhibitors

36
Q

____ inhibitors prevent cleavage of gag and pol polyproteins by viral protease.

The gag and pol polyprotein product is cleaved into individual functional proteins at the ___ of the viral budding process. The proteolysis step is critical for the creation of mature, infectious virions.

A

Protease

end

37
Q

blocks the CCR5 co-receptor, preventing HIV from entering the cell

A

Maraviroc (an entry inhibitor)

38
Q

Determine the HIV _____ prior to starting maraviroc, since it binds exclusively to CCR5 and not CXCR4

A

tropism

39
Q

binds gp41, preventing the fusion of the HIV membrane and the host cell membrane

A

Enfuvirtide (fusion inhibitor)

40
Q

In most cases, HIV treatment regimens should begin with an _____ inhibitor + 2 ____

A

integrase
NRTIs

(ex: dolutegravir + tenofovir and emtricitabine)