Opthomology Flashcards
Loss of rods:
Night blindness
Peripheral visual field loss
Loss of cones:
Decreased central visual acuity (late finding)
Retinitis pigmentosa
Genetic dystrophy | Progressive retinal degeneration
Optic disc pallor (optic nerve atrophy and gliosis)
Pigment accumulation (characteristic bone-spicule pattern around vessels)
Retinitis pigmentosa
GENETIC
is a refractive error in which the focal point of an image falls anterior to the retina due to an increased anterior-posterior diameter of the eyes.
Myopia (nearsightedness)
*Patients have difficulty seeing objects at a distance and have normal near vision.
is a refractive error characterized by a reduced anterior-posterior diameter of the eye, causing the focal point of the refracted image to be positioned posterior to the retina.
Hyperopia (farsightedness)
*causes blurred vision of nearby objects and is corrected by a converging (convex) lens.
Hyperopia (farsightedness) causes blurred vision of nearby objects and is corrected by a ___ lens.
converging (convex)
acute eye pain
corneal edema
eye appears red with a hazy cornea and dilated pupil that responds poorly to light
angle closure glaucoma
may be precipitated by topical and systemic medications that cause pupillary dilation, such as alpha-adrenergic agonists (naphazoline) and drugs with strong anticholinergic effects (TCAs, antihistamines).
angle closure glaucoma
Atropine is indicated for the treatment of bradycardia as it decreases vagal influence on the SA and AV nodes. A common side effect is
increased intraocular pressure.
It may precipitate acute closed-angle glaucoma in susceptible individuals.
work by diminishing the secretion of aqueous humor by the ciliary epithelium.
Timolol and other nonselective beta blockers
Prostaglandin F2α (eg, latanoprost, travoprost) and cholinomimetics (eg, pilocarpine, carbachol) decrease intraocular pressure by increasing the
outflow of aqueous humor
Acute and painless monocular vision loss is characteristic of
central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO)
The vision loss includes the entire visual field and is often permanent. Funduscopic findings include a pale retina (due to ischemia and edema) and a cherry-red macula (the fovea and foveola are thin and have a separate blood supply from the choroid artery; the red choroid is easily visible underneath).
central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO)
The central retinal artery is a branch of the ophthalmic artery, which arises from the __ artery.
internal carotid
___ are the most common causes of CRAO
CRAO may also be caused by vasculitic diseases (eg, giant cell arteritis).
Athero- and thromboembolism
*Predisposing conditions include atrial fibrillation and carotid artery stenosis.
Anticholinergic effects of ____ on the ocular ciliary muscles impair accommodation and cause blurring of vision for close objects.
1st gen antihistamines
Use of concentrated oxygen therapy for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome may be complicated by ____ of prematurity.
retinopathy
*This abnormal retinal neovascularization is a major cause of blindness in developed nations.
Blurry distorted vision in Right eye.
Ophthalmologic examination of the right eye shows a grayish- green discoloration of the macula with areas of adjacent hemorrhage.
Macular degeneration
Wet age-related macular degeneration is characterized by retinal neovascularization due to increased ___ levels.
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
occurs due to denaturation of structural proteins within the lens, leading to loss of lens elasticity which can result in improved vision in patients with mild myopia.
Presbyopia
presents in young obese women with daily headache (which worsens during the Valsalva maneuver), bilaterally symmetric papilledema, and transient visual disturbances.
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri)
Increased intracranial pressure compresses the optic nerves, resulting in impaired axoplasmic flow and ____.
optic disc edema
The Kayser-Fleischer ring is an ophthalmologic finding most strongly associated with Wilson’s disease. It is seen most frequently in patients with neuropsychiatric complications.__ atrophy is typically present in these patients.
Basal ganglia
Presbyopia is a type of refractive error caused by loss of the normal distensibility of the lens with age. It reduces the ability of the eye to focus on near objects but does not cause loss of
visual acuity
Cataracts are characterized by progressive opacification of the lens with chronic loss of )____.
Aging and environmental exposures (eg, UV light) contributeto cataract formation by inducing nuclear sclerosis, photooxidative damage to lens crystallins, and osmotic injury.
visual acuity
*loss of red-reflex
Injury to ___ in the temporal lobe results in contralateral superior quadrantanopia (pie-in the sky).
Meyer’s loop
Lesions in the ____ causes a contralateral inferior quadrantanopia (pie on the floor) lesion
Dorsal Optic Nuclei
Lesions in the ___ cause bitemporal Hemianopesia
Optic Chiasm
Lesions of the ___ cause ipsilateral anopesia
optic nerve
whole eye goes blind
Lesions at the ____ cause ipsilateral nasal hemianopsia
edge of optic chiasm
Lesions in the ____ cause contralateral homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing
Occipital lobe
Lesions in the ____ cause contralateral homonymous hemianopsia w/o macular sparing
optic tract
An acute flame-shaped retinal hemorrhage cause by
uncontrolled HTN
Ophthalmoscopic examination reveals cupping of the optic disc without hemorrhage.
Closed angle glaucoma
Topical prostaglandins (eg, latanoprost) increase outflow of aqueous via the uveoscleral pathway and are the preferred treatment for
open-angle glaucoma
It is a form of optic neuropathy and causes progressive loss of ganglion cell axons, which may be visualized as a pale optic disc and enlarged optic cup (compared to normal retina). Symptoms evolve over decades, with progressive loss of peripheral visual fields.
Open-angle glaucoma
characterized by increased intraocular pressure due to increased secretion or decreased outflow of aqueous humor.
Open-angle glaucoma
glucocorticoids can cause ____ at an early age
cataracts
white pupillary reflex
Retinoblastoma
*increased risk for osteosarcoma
small yellow Lesions of the __ cause central scotomas (blobs of vision loss)
macula/retinal
Funduscopic examination reveals scattered retinal microaneurysms, dot-and-blot hemorrhages, and cotton-wool spots, as well as new blood vessel formation.
Diabetic Retinopathy
Chronic ___ can lead to increased permeability and arteriolar obstruction in retinal vessels. The resulting ischemia stimulates production of vascular endothelial growth factor and other angiogenic factors, leading to neovascularization (proliferative diabetic retinopathy).
hyperglycemia
Complications include retinal hemorrhage, retinal detachment, and vision loss.
Diabetic retinopathy
The most common eye-related complication of congenital cytomegalovirus infection is
chorioretinitis
yellow-white, fluffy retinal lesions near the retinal vessels associated with hemorrhage.
CMV Retinitis
*treat with Ganciclovir
Pupillary asymmetry increases in a dim room, indicating that the smaller right pupil is unable to dilate due to a lesion in the right ___ pathway.
oculosympathetic (pupillary dilation
*oculoparasympathetic (pupillary constriction) pathway
