Endocrine physio Flashcards
Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) secretes
FSH LH ACTH TSH Prolactin GH Beta endorphin
(FLAT PiG)
Derived from the oral ECTOderm (Rathke pouch)
Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
alpha subunit is common amongst hCG (3)
FSH, LH, TSH
Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) stores and secretes
*derived from neuro ECTOderm
Vasopressin (ADH)
Oxytocin
Adrenal Cortex is derived from the _____
Adrenal Medulla is derived from the _____
Mesoderm
Neural Crest cells
The center of the Adrenal gland is called the
Medulla (makes catecholamines)
Zona glomerulosa makes
Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
Zona fasciculata makes
Cortisol (glucocorticoid)
Zone Reticularis makes
Androstenedione (androgens)
The left adrenal vein drains to
The left renal vein
The right adrenal vein drains to
IVC
TRH can stimulate the release of
TSH
Prolactin
*Hypothyroidism can cause prolactinemia
GHIH (somatostatin) inhibits the release of
GH
TSH
*causes secondary hypothyroidism
Acidophile hormones exert their effects DIRECTLY on the end organ
Prolactin
GH
Basophiles are trophic hormones that regulate hormone synthesis of the end organ
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
CRH causes the release of
Pro-opio-melano-cortin
Beta endorphins
Melanocytes (MSH)
ACTH (Cortisol)
Adrenal insufficiency can cause what skin changes?
Hyperpigmentation due to elevated proopiomelanocortin
Stimulus for secretion is elevated plasma osmolality
Vasopressin (ADH)
What is SIADH
Excess posterior pituitary secretion of Vasopressin (ADH) thus lowering the plasma osmolality significantly
Tesamorelin is a GHRH analog that is used to treat HIV associated
lipodystrophy
Pituitary prolactinoma causes ammenorhea \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Galactorrhea \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Osteoporosis
Hypogonadism (Low GnRH)
Growth hormone travels to the liver and causes the release of
Insulin Growth like Factor - 1
IGF-1 (anabolic)
Growth hormone inhibits the release of
Insulin
HY
GH mobilizes the metabolization of
Carbs and Fat
Increases Glycogenolysis, lipolysis, Gluconeogenesis)
GH increases serum levels of
Glucose
Diabetogenic
Hypoglycemia, CKD, exercise, and sleep increased the pituitary secretion of
Growth Hormone
Vasopressin (ADH) and Aldosterone elevate (2)
BP
Fluid retention
Stimulates retention of Saline solution in the body
Aldosterone
Stimulates the retention of Free water
ADH (Vasopressin)
Hormone that LOWERS the blood osmolality
RAISES urine osmolality
ADH (Vasopressin)
Central diabetes insipidus presents with __ ADH levels
LOW
*administer Desmopressin
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus presents with __ ADH levels
HIGH
Stimulates Milk let down in the breast
Oxytocin
Stimulates Milk production in the breast
Prolactin
Dopamine ____ inhibits Prolactin
tonically
Prolactin ___its own secretion by INCREASING Dopamine secretion.
Inhibits
Progesterone inhibits ____ function during pregnancy
Prolactin
At birth, low levels of _____ allow Prolactin to stimulate milk production in the breast
Progesterone
Breast feeding maintains high levels of ____ in the serum
Prolactin
Renal failure causes elevated levels of ____ due to less elimination
Prolactin
What is a memory hook for some of the functions of thyroid hormones?
Sweet, Skinny, Sweaty College Freshmen like to Bone after using their Brain in class.
↑ Blood sugar, Lipid Breaks down, Metabolic rate, Bone growth, Brain maturation in fetuses
Thyroid hormones increases the expression/ activity of _____ in cells, thus ↑ Oxygen consumption, Temperature, and Respiratory rate
Na+/K+–ATPase
Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin (TSI) stimulates ____ cells in Graves disease
Follicular
Free/ unbound thyroid hormones promote NEGATIVE feed back by ↓ anterior pituitary ____ to TRH and ↓ TRH secretion at the hypothalamus
sensitivity
Thyroxine binding globulin binds Thyroid hormone thus making it
inactive
Pregnancy and OCPs (Estrogen) ____ Thyroid Binding Globulin (TBG)
↑
Nephrotic syndrome, Liver failure, and steroid use ____ Thyroid Binding Globulin (TBG)
↓
Thyroid hormones enter the cells and increase the transcription of
Beta Adrenergic Receptors
Thyroglobulin (found in the thyroid follicular cell) inhibits the release of
TRH
Parathyroid hormone’s (Cheif cells) main function is to
↑ Serum Calcium
How?
↑ OsteoBlast to secrete RANK-L for bone reabsorption
↑ Active Vitamin D synthesis in the PCT
↑ 1 alpha hydroxylase to make active Vit. D
↑ Ca2+ via Na+/Ca2+ basal antiport in the early DCT
↓ Ph resorption in PCT via inhibiting Na/Ph cotransp
Severe HYPO____ can cause Hypoparathyroidism (Low PTH, Calcium levels)
Magnesium
*Diarrhea, Diuretic, Drinking alcohol, Drugs (aminoglycosides)
__pH causes ↓ PTH
↓
& Hypercalcemia due to free Ca2+
Cramps, muscle spasms, and parasthesias are common consequences of Low ____ levels
calcium
Hormone is inhibited by Insulin and somatostatin (GHIH)
Glucagon (alpha pancreas cells)
Hormone is inhibited by GLUCOSE and somatostatin (GHIH)
GH
causes hyperphosphatemia which binds calcium in the serum resulting in hypocalcemia
Chronic Kidney Disease
HY
*also causes less active vitamin D synthesis
Diagnose a patient with:
Elevated Insulin and C-Peptide
Insulinoma (rare)
Diagnose a patient with:
Elevated Insulin and C-Peptide
POSITIVE hypoglycemic assay
Oral Hypoglycemic agents (Metformin, sulfonylurea use)
*may have a family member with Diabetes and taking their meds
Diagnose a patient with:
Elevated Insulin
Low C-Peptide
Excess Insulin use
*may have a family member with Diabetes and taking their meds
Does Insulin cross the placenta?
NO
Glucose does
GLUT4 is increased by Exercise & Insulin in which tissues?
Skeletal Muscle
Adipose tissue
RBCs cannot use Ketones as fuel because they
lack Mitochondria
Brain, RBCs, Intestine, Cornea, Kidney, Liver, Islet Beta cells, Placenta, Spermatocytes
(BRICK LIPS) take up glucose _____ of INSULIN
Independent
*unlike muscle/fat
Insulin response is greater in Oral glucose intake rather than IV glucose because of
Incretins and Beta cell sensitivity to glucose
GLP-1 & GIP increase post-meal
Beta 2 agonist _ Insulin Release
Alpha 2 agonist _ Insulin Release
↑
↓
Beta Islet pancreatic cells release insulin. What GLUT transporter do they have?
GLUT 2
K+ channels close (trapping K+ in the cell)
Ca+ voltage channels open allowing influx
resulting in exocytosis of granules containing
INSULIN
Cortisol upregulate ____ receptors on arterioles
alpha 1 (vasoconstrictive)
At HIGH levels glucocorticoids like Cortisol can bind to ____ receptors.
Aldosterone
thus Increasing BP & causing hypokalemia
Cortisol increases insulin ____
Resistance
*GH inhibits insulin release
What hormone inhibits Fibroblast activity Leukotriene production Prostaglandin production IL-2 production (T cell activator)
Cortisol
What hormone inhibits WBC adhesion (Neutrophilia) Histamine release from Mast cells Bone formation (osteoblast) Collagen Synthesis
Cortisol
Is cortisol a lipophilic or hydrophilic hormone
Lipophilic
enters cells via Corticosteroid binding globulin
Exogenous corticosteroids can cause reactivation of:
TB
Candidiasis
Chronic Glucocorticoid steroid use can cause what bone problems?
Osteoporosis (Bone weakness)
Cortisol __ vascular tone and __ serum glucose levels
ELEVATE
Which Endocrine hormones Act on a Gs coupled GPCR?
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH(V2), MSH, PTH, Calcitonin, Histamine-2 , Glucagon, GHRH
FLAT ChAMPs CHuGG @ cAMP
Which Endocrine hormones Act on a Gq coupled GPCR?
GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH (V1), TRH, Histamine-1, Angiotensin II (ANG1) , Gastrin
GOAT HAG on GQ
Which Endocrine hormones elevate cGMP levels
BNP, ANP, EDRF (NO)
NO, BAd GraMPa
Which Endocrine hormones have INTRACELLULAR receptors?
Progesterone, Estrogen, Testosterone, Cortisol, Aldosterone, Thyroid Hormone, Vit. D
PET CAT in their cell drinking vitamin D
Which Endocrine hormones act on Receptor Tyrosine Kinase/ MAP kinase pathway
Growth Factors (TGF-Beta too) Insulin
Get Found IN the MAP
Which Endocrine hormones act on NON-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase/ JAK STAT pathway
Prolactin, ILs/IFN, GH, G-CSF, EPO, Thrombopoietin
JAKked PIGGlET
High levels of sex binding globulin in men causes
Gynecomastia
low free T
