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STEP 1 > Endocrine physio > Flashcards

Endocrine physio Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) secretes

A 
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
GH
Beta endorphin

(FLAT PiG)

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2
Q

Derived from the oral ECTOderm (Rathke pouch)

A

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

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3
Q

alpha subunit is common amongst hCG (3)

A

FSH, LH, TSH

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4
Q

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) stores and secretes

*derived from neuro ECTOderm

A

Vasopressin (ADH)

Oxytocin

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5
Q

Adrenal Cortex is derived from the _____

Adrenal Medulla is derived from the _____

A

Mesoderm

Neural Crest cells

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6
Q

The center of the Adrenal gland is called the

A

Medulla (makes catecholamines)

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7
Q

Zona glomerulosa makes

A

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)

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8
Q

Zona fasciculata makes

A

Cortisol (glucocorticoid)

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9
Q

Zone Reticularis makes

A

Androstenedione (androgens)

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10
Q

The left adrenal vein drains to

A

The left renal vein

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11
Q

The right adrenal vein drains to

A

IVC

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12
Q

TRH can stimulate the release of

A

TSH
Prolactin

*Hypothyroidism can cause prolactinemia

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13
Q

GHIH (somatostatin) inhibits the release of

A

GH
TSH

*causes secondary hypothyroidism

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14
Q

Acidophile hormones exert their effects DIRECTLY on the end organ

A

Prolactin

GH

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15
Q

Basophiles are trophic hormones that regulate hormone synthesis of the end organ

A

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH

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16
Q

CRH causes the release of

A

Pro-opio-melano-cortin

Beta endorphins
Melanocytes (MSH)
ACTH (Cortisol)

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17
Q

Adrenal insufficiency can cause what skin changes?

A

Hyperpigmentation due to elevated proopiomelanocortin

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18
Q

Stimulus for secretion is elevated plasma osmolality

A

Vasopressin (ADH)

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19
Q

What is SIADH

A

Excess posterior pituitary secretion of Vasopressin (ADH) thus lowering the plasma osmolality significantly

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20
Q

Tesamorelin is a GHRH analog that is used to treat HIV associated

A

lipodystrophy

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21
Q 
Pituitary prolactinoma causes
ammenorhea
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Galactorrhea
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Osteoporosis

Hypogonadism (Low GnRH)

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22
Q

Growth hormone travels to the liver and causes the release of

A

Insulin Growth like Factor - 1

IGF-1 (anabolic)

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23
Q

Growth hormone inhibits the release of

A

Insulin

HY

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24
Q

GH mobilizes the metabolization of

A

Carbs and Fat

Increases Glycogenolysis, lipolysis, Gluconeogenesis)

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25
Q

GH increases serum levels of

A

Glucose

Diabetogenic

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26
Q

Hypoglycemia, CKD, exercise, and sleep increased the pituitary secretion of

A

Growth Hormone

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27
Q

Vasopressin (ADH) and Aldosterone elevate (2)

A

BP

Fluid retention

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28
Q

Stimulates retention of Saline solution in the body

A

Aldosterone

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29
Q

Stimulates the retention of Free water

A

ADH (Vasopressin)

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30
Q

Hormone that LOWERS the blood osmolality

RAISES urine osmolality

A

ADH (Vasopressin)

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31
Q

Central diabetes insipidus presents with __ ADH levels

A

LOW

*administer Desmopressin

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32
Q

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus presents with __ ADH levels

A

HIGH

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33
Q

Stimulates Milk let down in the breast

A

Oxytocin

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34
Q

Stimulates Milk production in the breast

A

Prolactin

35
Q

Dopamine ____ inhibits Prolactin

A

tonically

36
Q

Prolactin ___its own secretion by INCREASING Dopamine secretion.

A

Inhibits

37
Q

Progesterone inhibits ____ function during pregnancy

A

Prolactin

38
Q

At birth, low levels of _____ allow Prolactin to stimulate milk production in the breast

A

Progesterone

39
Q

Breast feeding maintains high levels of ____ in the serum

A

Prolactin

40
Q

Renal failure causes elevated levels of ____ due to less elimination

A

Prolactin

41
Q

What is a memory hook for some of the functions of thyroid hormones?

A

Sweet, Skinny, Sweaty College Freshmen like to Bone after using their Brain in class.
↑ Blood sugar, Lipid Breaks down, Metabolic rate, Bone growth, Brain maturation in fetuses

42
Q

Thyroid hormones increases the expression/ activity of _____ in cells, thus ↑ Oxygen consumption, Temperature, and Respiratory rate

A

Na+/K+–ATPase

43
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin (TSI) stimulates ____ cells in Graves disease

A

Follicular

44
Q

Free/ unbound thyroid hormones promote NEGATIVE feed back by ↓ anterior pituitary ____ to TRH and ↓ TRH secretion at the hypothalamus

A

sensitivity

45
Q

Thyroxine binding globulin binds Thyroid hormone thus making it

A

inactive

46
Q

Pregnancy and OCPs (Estrogen) ____ Thyroid Binding Globulin (TBG)

A

↑

47
Q

Nephrotic syndrome, Liver failure, and steroid use ____ Thyroid Binding Globulin (TBG)

A

↓

48
Q

Thyroid hormones enter the cells and increase the transcription of

A

Beta Adrenergic Receptors

49
Q

Thyroglobulin (found in the thyroid follicular cell) inhibits the release of

A

TRH

50
Q

Parathyroid hormone’s (Cheif cells) main function is to
↑ Serum Calcium
How?

A

↑ OsteoBlast to secrete RANK-L for bone reabsorption
↑ Active Vitamin D synthesis in the PCT
↑ 1 alpha hydroxylase to make active Vit. D
↑ Ca2+ via Na+/Ca2+ basal antiport in the early DCT
↓ Ph resorption in PCT via inhibiting Na/Ph cotransp

51
Q

Severe HYPO____ can cause Hypoparathyroidism (Low PTH, Calcium levels)

A

Magnesium

*Diarrhea, Diuretic, Drinking alcohol, Drugs (aminoglycosides)

52
Q

__pH causes ↓ PTH

A

↓

& Hypercalcemia due to free Ca2+

53
Q

Cramps, muscle spasms, and parasthesias are common consequences of Low ____ levels

A

calcium

54
Q

Hormone is inhibited by Insulin and somatostatin (GHIH)

A

Glucagon (alpha pancreas cells)

55
Q

Hormone is inhibited by GLUCOSE and somatostatin (GHIH)

A

GH

56
Q

causes hyperphosphatemia which binds calcium in the serum resulting in hypocalcemia

A

Chronic Kidney Disease
HY

*also causes less active vitamin D synthesis

57
Q

Diagnose a patient with:

Elevated Insulin and C-Peptide

A

Insulinoma (rare)

58
Q

Diagnose a patient with:
Elevated Insulin and C-Peptide
POSITIVE hypoglycemic assay

A

Oral Hypoglycemic agents (Metformin, sulfonylurea use)

*may have a family member with Diabetes and taking their meds

59
Q

Diagnose a patient with:
Elevated Insulin
Low C-Peptide

A

Excess Insulin use

*may have a family member with Diabetes and taking their meds

60
Q

Does Insulin cross the placenta?

A

NO

Glucose does

61
Q

GLUT4 is increased by Exercise & Insulin in which tissues?

A

Skeletal Muscle

Adipose tissue

62
Q

RBCs cannot use Ketones as fuel because they

A

lack Mitochondria

63
Q

Brain, RBCs, Intestine, Cornea, Kidney, Liver, Islet Beta cells, Placenta, Spermatocytes
(BRICK LIPS) take up glucose _____ of INSULIN

A

Independent

*unlike muscle/fat

64
Q

Insulin response is greater in Oral glucose intake rather than IV glucose because of

A

Incretins and Beta cell sensitivity to glucose

GLP-1 & GIP increase post-meal

65
Q

Beta 2 agonist _ Insulin Release

Alpha 2 agonist _ Insulin Release

A

↑

↓

66
Q

Beta Islet pancreatic cells release insulin. What GLUT transporter do they have?

A

GLUT 2

67
Q

K+ channels close (trapping K+ in the cell)
Ca+ voltage channels open allowing influx
resulting in exocytosis of granules containing

A

INSULIN

68
Q

Cortisol upregulate ____ receptors on arterioles

A

alpha 1 (vasoconstrictive)

69
Q

At HIGH levels glucocorticoids like Cortisol can bind to ____ receptors.

A

Aldosterone

thus Increasing BP & causing hypokalemia

70
Q

Cortisol increases insulin ____

A

Resistance

*GH inhibits insulin release

71
Q 
What hormone inhibits
Fibroblast activity
Leukotriene production
Prostaglandin production
IL-2 production (T cell activator)
A

Cortisol

72
Q 
What hormone inhibits
WBC adhesion (Neutrophilia)
Histamine release from Mast cells
Bone formation (osteoblast)
Collagen Synthesis
A

Cortisol

73
Q

Is cortisol a lipophilic or hydrophilic hormone

A

Lipophilic

enters cells via Corticosteroid binding globulin

74
Q

Exogenous corticosteroids can cause reactivation of:

A

TB

Candidiasis

75
Q

Chronic Glucocorticoid steroid use can cause what bone problems?

A

Osteoporosis (Bone weakness)

76
Q

Cortisol __ vascular tone and __ serum glucose levels

A

ELEVATE

77
Q

Which Endocrine hormones Act on a Gs coupled GPCR?

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH(V2), MSH, PTH, Calcitonin, Histamine-2 , Glucagon, GHRH

FLAT ChAMPs CHuGG @ cAMP

78
Q

Which Endocrine hormones Act on a Gq coupled GPCR?

A

GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH (V1), TRH, Histamine-1, Angiotensin II (ANG1) , Gastrin

GOAT HAG on GQ

79
Q

Which Endocrine hormones elevate cGMP levels

A

BNP, ANP, EDRF (NO)

NO, BAd GraMPa

80
Q

Which Endocrine hormones have INTRACELLULAR receptors?

A

Progesterone, Estrogen, Testosterone, Cortisol, Aldosterone, Thyroid Hormone, Vit. D

PET CAT in their cell drinking vitamin D

81
Q

Which Endocrine hormones act on Receptor Tyrosine Kinase/ MAP kinase pathway

A 
Growth Factors (TGF-Beta too)
Insulin

Get Found IN the MAP

82
Q

Which Endocrine hormones act on NON-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase/ JAK STAT pathway

A

Prolactin, ILs/IFN, GH, G-CSF, EPO, Thrombopoietin

JAKked PIGGlET

83
Q

High levels of sex binding globulin in men causes

A

Gynecomastia

low free T

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