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STEP 1 > HY Renal > Flashcards

HY Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Patients with intravascular volume depletion (eg, congestive heart failure, diarrhea, excessive diuresis) and chronic kidney disease depend on renal prostaglandin production to dilate the afferent glomerular arteriole and maintain the glomerular filtration rate. _____ inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, which can cause prerenal azotemia in at-risk patients.

A

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

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2
Q

Patients with CKD often develop erythropoietin (EPO) deficiency. Treatment with recombinant EPO for prolonged or high-dose treatment can have serious side effects, most notably increased risk of hypertension and ______ .

A

thromboembolism

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3
Q

Malabsorption caused by celiac disease can lead to _____. causing decreased serum phosphorus, increased serum parathyroid hormone, and low (or normal) serum calcium.

A

vitamin D deficiency

+ anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA antibodies = Celiac’s

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4
Q

HYPOaldosteronism is the cause of type ___ renal tubular acidosis.

A

IV

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5
Q

Acute salicylate toxicity causes a primary respiratory _____ and a primary metabolic _____ with an anion gap due to increased _____ production.

A

alkalosis
acidosis
lactate

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6
Q

______ are indicated in non-obstructive urinary retention (Atonic bladder), paralytic ileus, and glaucoma.

A

Cholinomimetics

Direct: Bethanocol, Carbachol, Methacholine, Pilocholpine

Indirect: Donezepil, Rivastigmine, Galantaine, Edrophonium, Neostigmine, Physostigmine, Pyridostigmine

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7
Q

The most likely cause of fever and fatigue with new-onset cardiac murmur is

A

infective endocarditis (IE)

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8
Q

EM - Lamellated appearance of GBM

A

Alport Syndrome

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9
Q

Penicillamine, a first-line therapy for Wilson’s disease, is a copper-chelating agent that solubilizes copper, which is then excreted in the urine. AE →

A

Membranous Nephropathy

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10
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia leads to progressive bladder outlet obstruction. Over time, increased urinary pressures can cause hydronephrosis and renal parenchymal ___ with _____. This can progress to chronic kidney disease.

A

atrophy

Scarring

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11
Q

Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs inhibit _____ release by blocking beta-1 receptor-mediated regulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

A

renin

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12
Q

Hyperventilation ____ PCO2

A

Lowers –> Alkalemia

(Basic bitches hyperventilate

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13
Q

Rounded polygonal or cuboidal cells

Yellow Mass, Clear Cells

A

RCC

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14
Q

RCC likes to MET where (2)

A

Lungs (canonballs)

Bone (osteloytic)

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15
Q

High Hematocrit =

A

Polycythemia (too many RBCs)

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16
Q

Myeloproliferative Disorders can cause what in the kidneys?

A

Uric Acid Kidney stones

17
Q

Urease + (Protease, Klebsiella, S. Saphrophyticus)
organism UTI causing Nephrolithiasis
What type/shape?

A

Ammonia, Mg, Phosphate
Staghorn!!!!

look like rectangles (Coffins)

18
Q

Wedged shaped crystals

Form Rosettes

A

Calcium Phosphate

19
Q

Rhomboid/ Diamond crystals in urine

A

Uric Acid

20
Q

4 causes of Hypokalemic Metabolic Acidosis

A

Loop abuse (overdose)
Thiazide abuse (overdose)
Vomit
Gastric pumping

*H+ loss initiates alkalosis and volume depletion then activates RAAS

21
Q

Azetazolamide:
MOA
Adv. Effects (1)

A

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor

Metabolic Acidosis (after like 2 days)

22
Q

Mannitol:
MOA
Adv. Effects (1)

A

Osmotic diuretic
↑ tubular fluid osmolarity
↑ urine flow
↓ intracranial/intraocular pressure

Pulmonary Edema
*Contraindicated in HF

23
Q

Mannitol elevates blood plasma

A

Osmolarity

24
Q

Spironolactone:
MOA
Adv Effects

A

Competitive Aldosterone Receptor Antagonist

Gynecomastia- Anti-androgen effects
Hyperkalemic Arrythmias (All K+ sparing do this)
25
Q

Thiazides:
MOA
Adv Effects

A

Inhibit NaCl cotransporter in early DCT
Lowersdiluting capacity
Lowering Ca2+excretion

hyperGlycemia, hyperLipidemia, hyperUricemia, hyperCalcemia. Sulfaallergy. Hypernatremia
(GLUC SSALT)

26
Q

Triamterene and amiloride block apical _______ at the Collecting tubule.

A

ENa+ channels

ENac

27
Q

3 causes of normal anion gap Metabolic Acidosis from Bicarb loss

A

Diarrhea
RTA
Excess Saline Infusion

28
Q

5 causes of elevated anion gap Metabolic Acidosis from elevated acids in the body

A 
DKA
Lactic Acidosis
Uremia (Renal Failure)
Salicylate (Aspirin) overdose
Toxicities: Ethylene Glycol/ Methanol

(D-SLUT)

29
Q

Creatinine and PAH clearance can be used to calculate

A

FF (Filtration Fraction)

FF= Creatinine clearance /PAH clearance

30
Q

Do loops work on thick or this ascending limb?

A

THICK

31
Q

4 drugs that may be selected to give with loops and thiazides to limit K+ wasting

A

Spirono, Eplerenone, Amiloride, Triamterene
SEAT

*can cause metabolic acidosis

32
Q

2 diuretics for increased intracranial pressure

A

Mannitol

Azetazolamide (CAI)

STEP 1 (88 decks)

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