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STEP 1 > Psych > Flashcards

Psych Flashcards

1
Q

involuntary response learned stimulus

A

classical conditioning

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2
Q

voluntary response punishment or reward involved

A

operant conditioning

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3
Q

desired action followed by reward

A

positive reinforcement

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4
Q

desired action followed by removal of punishment

A

negative reinforcement

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5
Q

aversive stimuli (punishment)

A

positive punishment

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6
Q

removal of positive stimuli (reward)

A

negative punishment

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7
Q

discontinuation of +/– stimuli (reinforcement) eventually eliminates the behavior

A

extinction

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8
Q

patient projecting feelings onto doctor

A

transference

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9
Q

Doctor projects feelings onto patient

A

countertransference

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10
Q

coping with actions rather than reflecting on feelings

A

acting out (ego defense)

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11
Q

not accepting the painful truth

A

Denial (ego defense)

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12
Q

redirect emotions or actions to a neutral person or object

A

Displacement (ego defense) *lashing out on someone else over what another person did to hurt you

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13
Q

temporary drastic change in personality, memory, consciousness or motor behavior to avoid emotional stress

A

Dissociation (ego defense)

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14
Q

Partially remaining at a more childish level of development (vs regression)

A

Fixation (ego defense) *adult tantrum

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15
Q

Expressing extremely positive thoughts of self and others while ignoring negative thoughts.

A

Idealization

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16
Q

Largely unconscious assumption of the characteristics, qualities, or traits of another person or group

A

Identification

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17
Q

Separating feelings from ideas or events

A

Isolation of affect

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18
Q

Asserting plausible explanations for events that actually occurred for other reasons, usually to avoid self-blame

A

Rationalization

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19
Q

Replacing a warded-off idea or feeling with an emphasis on its opposite (vs sublimation).

A

Reaction formation ex) step mom is extremely nurturing to a child she resents

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20
Q

Involuntarily turning back the maturational clock to behaviors previously demonstrated under stress (vs fixation which is voluntary).

A

Regression

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21
Q

Involuntarily with holding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs suppression which is voluntary)

A

Repression

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22
Q

Believing that people are either all good or all bad at different times due to intolerance of ambiguity. Common in borderline personality disorder.

A

Splitting

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23
Q

Replacing an unacceptable wish with a course of action that is similar to the wish but socially acceptable (vs reaction formation).

A

Sublimation (mature ego defense)

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24
Q

Alleviating negative feelings via unsolicited generosity which provides gratification (vs reaction formation)

A

Altruism (mature ego defense)

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25
Q

Intentionally withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs repression); temporary

A

Suppression (mature ego defense)

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26
Q

lightheartedly expressing uncomfortable feelings to shift the internal focus away from the distress

A

Humor (mature ego defense)

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27
Q

Long term deprivation of affection for greater than 6 months can lead to (2)

A

irreversible changes Infant death

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28
Q

infant is with drawn/unresponsive to comfort

A

Reactive attachment disorder

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29
Q

child indiscriminately attaches to strangers

A

Disinhibited social engagement

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30
Q

Characterized by subdural hematomas or retinal hemorrhage

A

Shaken Baby syndrome

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31
Q

STIs, UTIs, and genital, anal, or oral trauma. Absence of trauma does not exclude from differential

A

Sexual abuse (peak incidence 9-12)

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32
Q

Most common form of child maltreatment.

A

Child Neglect

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33
Q

Parents perceive the child as especially susceptible to illness or injury (vs factitious disorder imposed on another). Usually follows a serious illness or life-threatening event. Can result in missed school or overuse of medical services.

A

Vulnerable Child Syndrome

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34
Q

Commonly coexists with oppositional defiant disorder.

A

ADHD

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35
Q

ADHD requires what specific criteria to diagnose

A

≥6 months of limited attention span in ≥2 settings (school, home, church)

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36
Q

Repetitive/ Ritualized behavior

A

Autism

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37
Q

Adverse reaction to changes or certain stimuli

A

Autism

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38
Q

May be accompanied by intellectual disability or above average performance in a particular subject/skill

A

Autism

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39
Q

Associated with an increased head and or brain size more common in boys

A

Autism

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40
Q

Aside from Stimulants (Methylphenidate) what are alternative treatments to ADHD (3)

A

Atomoxetine Guanfancy Clonidine

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41
Q

Repetitive, pervasive behavior violating societal norms or the basic rights of others (eg, aggression toward people and animals, destruction of property, theft). After age 18, often reclassified as antisocial personality disorder.

A

Conduct disorder Treat with CBT

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42
Q

Onset before age 10. Severe, recurrent temper outbursts out of proportion to situation. Child is constantly angry and irritable between outbursts.

A

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder Treatment: CBT, stimulants, antipsychotics

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43
Q

Enduring pattern of anger and irritability with argumentative, vindictive, and defiant behavior toward authority figures

A

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

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44
Q

Onset before the age of 5. Lasts ≥1 month refrains speech in certain situations commonly exists with social anxiety disorder development of language skills not typically impaired

A

Selective mutism

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45
Q

Lasts ≥4 weeks Can be normal up to age 3-4 Overwhelming fear of separation from home or attachment figures. May lead to factitious physical complaints to avoid school.

A

Separation Anxiety Disorder

46
Q

Lasting for ≥6 months despite focused intervention. The inability to acquire or use information from a specific subject (math, reading, writing) at the expected proficiency level for age. General functioning and intelligence are normal

A

Specific learning Disability

47
Q

Persists >1 year, onset before 18 years Sudden, recurrent, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor and vocal tics

A

Tourette Syndrome

48
Q

Coprolalia

A

involuntary obscene speech

49
Q

Associated with OCD and ADHD

A

Tourette Syndrome

50
Q

Treatment: psycho-education, behavioraltherapy. For intractable and distressing tics use (4):

A

High potency antipsychotics (haloperidol, fluphenazine) Tetrabenazine, α2-agonists (guanfancy, clonidine) Atypical antipsychotics

51
Q

Fluid/Electrolyte imbalance, Hypoglycemia, Hypoxia, and nutritional deficiencies are common causes of

A

loss of Orientation (Time, Place, Person, Situation)

52
Q

Amnesia (anterograde>retrograde) and disorientation Confabulations are characteristic. Caused by vitaminB1 deficiency. Manifestation of Wernicke encephalopathy in alcoholics

A

Korsakoff Syndrome *destruction of the limbic system, especially mammillary bodies and anterior thalamus

53
Q

Hallucinations occur while GOing to sleep. Common in Narcolepsy

A

Hypnagogic Hallucinations

54
Q

Hallucinations occur while waking up from sleep

A

HypnoPOMPic Hallucinations (POMPed to get up in the morning)

55
Q

Type of rare hallucination sometimes seen in epilepsy

A

Gustatory Hallucination

56
Q

often occurs as an aura of temporal lobe epilepsy and in brain tumors

A

Olfactory Hallucination (ex: smelling burning rubber)

57
Q

common in alcoholic withdrawl and stimulant use

A

Tactile Hallucinations ex: Cocaine Crawlies type of delusional parasitosis where they feel like they have bugs crawling on their skin

58
Q

Visual hallucinations are more commonly due to

A

medical illness rather than psychiatric illness

59
Q

Auditory hallucinations are more commonly due to

A

psychiatric illness rather than medical illness

60
Q

firmly held believes despite evidence to the contrary and are not typical of a patient’s culture or religion.

A

Delusions

61
Q

Psychosis es cuando una persona tiene un percepción de realidad distorsionado caracterizado posiblemente por 3 cosas:

A
  1. Delusions 2. Hallucinations 3. Disorganized thoughts/speech
62
Q

Tear in the esophagus due to (induced/or not) vomiting causing hematemisis

A

Mallory Weiss Syndrome (seen in bulimia and alcoholism)

63
Q

Dorsal Hand Calluses from induced vomiting

A

Russel Sign (seen in bulimia)

64
Q

Parotid Gland enlargement (increased amylase) & enamel erosion

A

Seen in Bulimia

65
Q

Eating disorder where BMI is normal or slightly elevated

A

Bulimia

66
Q

≥3 months binge eating and compensatory purging

A

Bulimia

67
Q

Eating disorder that is contraindicates Bupropion and why?

A

Bulimia (increased risk of seizures due to hypokalemia/hypochloremia)

68
Q

Low BMI Caloric Restriction possible purging behaviors

A

Anorexia

69
Q

≥3 months recurring laxative or diuretic abuse or induced vomiting preceded by binge eating

A

Binge eating/ Purging type of Anorexia

70
Q

Dieting, Fasting, and/or Over-exercising NO: binging or purging

A

Restricting type of Anorexia

71
Q

Complications include Seizures, Rhabdomyolysis, and cardiac due to increased insulin and decreased K+, Mg2+, Phosphate from a sudden increase in caloric intake

A

Refeeding syndrome *malnourished patients (anorexic, homeless, alcoholics)

72
Q

at least weekly for ≥3 months episodes of over eating without purging

A

Binge eating disorder treat with psychotherapy (1st line)

73
Q

≥1 month Recurring episodes of eating non-food substances

A

Pica Psychotherapy and nutritional rehabilitation are first line

74
Q

Associated with Malnutrition, Iron deficiency anemia, developmental disabilities and emotional trauma Common in pregnancy and kids

A

Pica

75
Q

List the five stages of change

A
76
Q

Chronic alcohol use downregulates inhibitory ___ receptors and upregulates excitatory _______ receptors. Therefore, sudden cessation of alcohol leads to CNS overexcitation (eg, agitation, disorientation, tremulousness, autonomic hyperactivity).

A

GABA A

NMDA glutamate

*Sudden cessation of alcohol leads to decreased GABA activity and increased glutamate activity, resulting in CNS overexcitation

77
Q

typically one of the earliest symptoms of alcohol withdrawal.

A

Tremulousness

78
Q

the most severe manifestation of alcohol withdrawal and typically begins 48-96 hours after the last drink.

A

Delirium tremens

79
Q

_____ withdrawal is marked by mydriasis, abdominal pain, diarrhea, piloerection, lacrimation, and yawning.

A

Opioid

80
Q

The mu-opioid antagonist ______ is a first-line pharmacotherapy for moderate-to-severe alcohol use disorder, and works by preventing the reinforcing effects of alcohol use.

A

naltrexone

81
Q

______ disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of explosive verbal or physical aggression. The aggressive behaviors are impulsive and grossly out of proportion to the provocation.

A

Intermittent explosive

82
Q

______ can produce psychotic symptoms (eg, paranoid delusions), euphoria, and agitation. Physical signs indicating sympathetic stimulation (eg, tachycardia, diaphoresis, mydriasis) can assist in differentiating cocaine intoxication from primary psychiatric disorders.

A

Cocaine intoxication

83
Q

______ disorder is characterized by excessive concern about having a serious, undiagnosed disease, despite few or no symptoms and negative medical workup.

A

Illness anxiety

84
Q

Patients experiencing a major depressive episode should be carefully screened for past manic episodes to rule out bipolar disorder. _______ monotherapy should be avoided in patients with bipolar disorder due to the risk of precipitating mania.

A

Antidepressant

85
Q
A
86
Q

waxing and waning levels of consciousness with acute onset

Low attention span

Low level of arousal

A

Delerium

*REVERSIBLE

87
Q

Positive Schizophrenia Symptoms (5)

A

hallucinations

delusions

unusual thought processes

disorganized speech

bizarre behavior

88
Q

Negative Schizophrenia symptoms:

A

flat or blunted affect

apathy

anhedonia (no pleasure)

alogia

social withdrawal

89
Q

reduced ability to understand or make plans

diminished working memory

inattention

A

Cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia

90
Q

Diagnosis of Schizophrenia requires

___ of the following active symptoms, including ___ from symptoms #1–3:

  1. Delusions
  2. Hallucinations, often auditory
  3. Disorganized speech
  4. Disorganized or catatonic behavior
  5. Negative symptoms
A

≥2

≥1

91
Q

Diagnosis of schizophrenia

Requires __ months of active symptoms over the past __ months

A

≥1 month

6

92
Q

Schizophrenia is associated with altered dopaminergic activity, _______serotonergic activity, and _____ dendritic branching.

Ventriculomegaly on brain imaging

A

increased

decreased

93
Q

what is first line for Scizophrenia treatment?

A

Risperidone (atypical)

Negative symptoms often persist after treatment, despite resolution of positive symptoms

94
Q

Brief psychotic disorder ___ positive symptom(s) lasting

___ month, usually stress-related.

A

≥1

<1

95
Q

Schizophreniform disorder

___ symptoms

lasting ____ months.

A

≥2

1–6

96
Q

Shares symptoms with both schizophrenia and mood disorders (major depressive or bipolar disorder).

To differentiate from a mood disorder with psychotic features, patient must have _____ of psychotic symptoms without a manic or depressive episode.

A

Schizoaffective disorder

>2 weeks

97
Q

1 or more delusion(s) lasting __ month, but without a mood disorder or other psychotic symptoms.

Daily functioning, including socialization, maybe impacted by the pathological, fixed belief but is otherwise unaffected.

Can be shared by individuals inclose relationships (folieàdeux).

A

Delusional disorder

more than 1 month

98
Q

disorder involves the conscious and deceptive feigning or self-production of physical or psychological symptoms to obtain attention and medical care from health care personnel.

A

Factitious

99
Q

is differentiated from factitious disorder by the intentional falsification of symptoms for personal gain (eg, financial benefits, time off from work). In contrast, factitious disorder requires the absence of obvious rewards.

A

Malingering

100
Q

≥1 unexplained symptoms; excessive thoughts, anxiety & behaviors in response to symptoms

A

Somatic Symptom disorder

101
Q

Minimal to no symptoms; preoccupation with idea of having a serious illness

A

illness anxiety disorder

102
Q

Fear of Scrutiny

A

Social Anxiety Disorder

103
Q

Recurrent Unexpected panic attacks

A

Panic Disorder

104
Q

nightmares

flashbacks

intrusive thoughts

irritability

sleep distrubance

>1 month

recent trauma

A

PTSD

105
Q

Marked anxiety about a specific object or situation for more than 6 months with avoidant behavior

A

specific phobia

106
Q

Managed with regular visits with same provider

reassure illness has been ruled out

A

somatic symptom disorder

107
Q

Sad and worried feelings without functional impairment at work, school, or home

A

Normal Sadness

108
Q

Chronic Depressed mood for ≥2 months

A

dysthimia

109
Q

Social/Family support

Religion

Pregnancy

Parenthood

are all what?

A

Protective factors against suicide

110
Q

Number one greatest risk factor for suicide?

A

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