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Wrongs > UWorld Wrongs > Flashcards

UWorld Wrongs Flashcards

1
Q

what cells are in glomerular crescents?

A

fibrin, parietal cells, monocytes, macrophages

–> sclerotic

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2
Q

Potter sequence

A

bilateral renal agenesis causes –> oligohydromnios

triad: pulmonary hypoplasia, facial and lower limb deformities

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3
Q

which two vitamins are insufficient in breastmilk?

A

Vit K and D

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4
Q

Hawthorne vs Pygmalian effect

A

Hawthorne- subjects know that being watched –> change behavior

Pygmalian: researcher’s beliefs about efficacy change outcomes

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5
Q

what do homeobox (hox) genes encode?

A

txn factors

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6
Q

do eukaryotes or prokaryotes have multiple origins of replication?

A

eukaryotes

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7
Q

beta blockers MOA to reduce bp

A
  1. reduce contractility, HR

2. reduce renin release

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8
Q

renal blood flow formula

A

=(PAH clearance)/(1-hermatocrit)

PAH clearance= (urine PAH * urine flow rate)/ plasma PAH

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9
Q

cholera pathogenesis

A

produces toxin that doesnt invade mucosa

activates AC–> cAMP–> Cl influx and decreased Na reabs

mucin ejection by goblet cells–> mucus and sloughed off epithelial cells (rice water stool)

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10
Q

candida in 37 degree culture

A

true hyphae- germ tubes

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11
Q

bacteria that do transformation

A

Steptococcous, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Bacillus

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12
Q

clues that back pain is due to spinal mets

A
  • advanced age
  • worse at night
  • progressive, not relieved by analgesics or posiitons
  • history of malignancy
  • can have systemic symtoms (fever, weight loss)
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13
Q

1 factor to reduce mortality, especially in diabetics

A

smoking cessation

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14
Q

von willebrand disease

A

lifelong history of mucosal bleeding- gums, menstrual, nose, GI

normal platelets but impaired - increased bleeding time

normal PT/PTT

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15
Q

TSS from staph activates…

A

T cells –> IL-2, IL- 1, TNF from macrophages

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16
Q

virulence factor for Haemophilus type B

A

polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP)- capsule protects against phagocytosis , binds factor H

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17
Q

homocystinuria symptoms and treatment

A

marfan, Intellectual disability, thromboembolic occlusion, ectopia lentis

treat with vitamin 6 (pyroxidine) supp

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18
Q

Klinefelter hormone levels

A

decreased T

increased FSH, LH (no feedback inhibition)

increased estradiol –> gynecomastia

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19
Q

what is the cause of hyperacute transplant rejection? and what is the pathology?

A

preformed antibodies in recipient to graft

pathology: gross mottling, cyanosis, arterial fibrinoid necrosis

20
Q

Niacin def

A

3 D’s of pellagra: dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea

21
Q

Vitamin A toxicity

A

Acute: N/V, vertigo, blurred vision

Chronic: HSM, hepatotoxicity, dry skin, alopecia, hyperlipidemia, vision issues, papilledema (psedotumor cerebri)

Teratogenic!

22
Q

how does pyruvate kinase deficiency lead to splenomegaly?

A

no pyruvate kinase –> insufficient ATP –> disrupt cation gradient in RBC –> hemolysis –> damaged RBCs accumulate in spleen (red pulp hyperplasia)

23
Q

enzyme that converts glucose to sorbitol

A

aldose reductase, uses NADPH

shifted in hyperglymic states (uncontrolled DM)

sorbitol can be converted to fructose via sorbitol dehydrogenase

24
Q

smooth ER versus rough ER function

A

smooth: steroid and phospholipid biosynthesis; detox
rough: synthesis of secretory, lysosomal, and integral membrane synthesis; posttranslational modification of collagen (hydroxylation of proline and lysin) using vitamin C as cofactor

25
Q

biotin is used as a cofactor for ….

A

pyruvate carboxylase (pyruvate –> oxaloacetate)- gluconeogenesis

acetyl CoA carboxylase (acetyl Coa –> malonyl CoA)- fatty acid synthesis

propionyl-CoA carboxylase (propionyl CoA to methylmalonyl CoA)- fatty acid oxidation

26
Q

what deficiency happens from eating too many eggwhites?

A

biotin

27
Q

what sequence is at the 3’ end of tRNA as a recognition? sequence

A

CCA

28
Q

amatoxins

A

poison found in wild mushrooms

bind to DNA dep RNA pol II –> halt mRNA synthesis

abdominal pain, cholera-like diarrhea, vomit, hepatic and renal failure

29
Q

what affects glycogen degradation in muscle

A

Calcium ions!

Ca–> activates phosphorylase kinase activate glycogen phosphorylase –> glycogenolysis

30
Q

management of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency

A

ketogenic diet– lysine and leucine are ketogenic amino acids

31
Q

thiamine deficiency

A

Vitamin B1

Dry beriberi: polyneuritis, muscle wasting

Wet Beriberi: high output cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy), edema

Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome- confused, opthalmoplegia, ataxia

32
Q

ristocetin test

A

measures vWF-dependent platelet aggregation

ristocetin normally activates GPIb receptor to be available to vWF

if no vWF or GPIb (Bernard-Soulier), abnromal test

If add fresh platelets (that has vWF)
vWF defiency corrects, but Bernard Soulier doesnt

33
Q

attrituable risk percent formula

A

= (1-relative risk)/ relative risk *100

=(risk in exposed-risk in unexposed)/risk in exposed *100

34
Q

how does mutated huntingtin protein cause disease?

A

deactylation of histones–> silences genes for neuronal survival

35
Q

typical complication of acute MI on 5th day

A

rupture of LV free wall–> cardiac tamponade –> shock

36
Q

verapamil MOA

A

block L type Ca channels –> slowing of phase 4 depolarization –> reduced conduction velocity in SA and AV nodes

37
Q

A delta fibers

A

free nerve endings detect pain and temp

38
Q

pacinian corpuscles vs ruffini

A

both mediate touch, proprioception, and vibration

pacinian- rapidly acting
ruffini- slow acting

39
Q

common cause of retroperitoneal hematomas

A

pancreatic injury

40
Q

cyanide poisoning manifestation

A

reddish hint to skin, tachypnea, N/V, confused, weak, progress to seizure and CV collapse

lactic acidosis, narrowed arterial-venous PO2 gradient

41
Q

cyanide poisoning pathogenesis and treatment

A

cyanide binds ferric Fe3–> inhibit cytochrome c oxidase–> no oxidative phosphorylation (no etc)

treat with inhaled amyl nitrate- which oxidizes Fe2 into Fe3 to attract and sequester cyanide away

42
Q

where is angio I concerted to angio II?

A

small vessels of lung

43
Q

how many days after fertilization is hcg detected in serum versus urine?

A

urine- 14 days

serum- 8 days

44
Q

signs of digoxin toxicity

A

confusion, lethargy, weak, visual symptoms, N/V
cardiac arrhythmia
elevated K- due to inhibit Na-K ATPase

45
Q

whats a future risk of cryptochordism

A

testicular cancer

46
Q

TH2 stimulates which cytokines to activate IgE production?

A

IL-4 and IL-13

Wrongs (36 decks)

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