UWorld Wrongs Flashcards
what cells are in glomerular crescents?
fibrin, parietal cells, monocytes, macrophages
–> sclerotic
Potter sequence
bilateral renal agenesis causes –> oligohydromnios
triad: pulmonary hypoplasia, facial and lower limb deformities
which two vitamins are insufficient in breastmilk?
Vit K and D
Hawthorne vs Pygmalian effect
Hawthorne- subjects know that being watched –> change behavior
Pygmalian: researcher’s beliefs about efficacy change outcomes
what do homeobox (hox) genes encode?
txn factors
do eukaryotes or prokaryotes have multiple origins of replication?
eukaryotes
beta blockers MOA to reduce bp
- reduce contractility, HR
2. reduce renin release
renal blood flow formula
=(PAH clearance)/(1-hermatocrit)
PAH clearance= (urine PAH * urine flow rate)/ plasma PAH
cholera pathogenesis
produces toxin that doesnt invade mucosa
activates AC–> cAMP–> Cl influx and decreased Na reabs
mucin ejection by goblet cells–> mucus and sloughed off epithelial cells (rice water stool)
candida in 37 degree culture
true hyphae- germ tubes
bacteria that do transformation
Steptococcous, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Bacillus
clues that back pain is due to spinal mets
- advanced age
- worse at night
- progressive, not relieved by analgesics or posiitons
- history of malignancy
- can have systemic symtoms (fever, weight loss)
1 factor to reduce mortality, especially in diabetics
smoking cessation
von willebrand disease
lifelong history of mucosal bleeding- gums, menstrual, nose, GI
normal platelets but impaired - increased bleeding time
normal PT/PTT
TSS from staph activates…
T cells –> IL-2, IL- 1, TNF from macrophages
virulence factor for Haemophilus type B
polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP)- capsule protects against phagocytosis , binds factor H
homocystinuria symptoms and treatment
marfan, Intellectual disability, thromboembolic occlusion, ectopia lentis
treat with vitamin 6 (pyroxidine) supp
Klinefelter hormone levels
decreased T
increased FSH, LH (no feedback inhibition)
increased estradiol –> gynecomastia
what is the cause of hyperacute transplant rejection? and what is the pathology?
preformed antibodies in recipient to graft
pathology: gross mottling, cyanosis, arterial fibrinoid necrosis
Niacin def
3 D’s of pellagra: dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea
Vitamin A toxicity
Acute: N/V, vertigo, blurred vision
Chronic: HSM, hepatotoxicity, dry skin, alopecia, hyperlipidemia, vision issues, papilledema (psedotumor cerebri)
Teratogenic!
how does pyruvate kinase deficiency lead to splenomegaly?
no pyruvate kinase –> insufficient ATP –> disrupt cation gradient in RBC –> hemolysis –> damaged RBCs accumulate in spleen (red pulp hyperplasia)
enzyme that converts glucose to sorbitol
aldose reductase, uses NADPH
shifted in hyperglymic states (uncontrolled DM)
sorbitol can be converted to fructose via sorbitol dehydrogenase
smooth ER versus rough ER function
smooth: steroid and phospholipid biosynthesis; detox
rough: synthesis of secretory, lysosomal, and integral membrane synthesis; posttranslational modification of collagen (hydroxylation of proline and lysin) using vitamin C as cofactor
biotin is used as a cofactor for ….
pyruvate carboxylase (pyruvate –> oxaloacetate)- gluconeogenesis
acetyl CoA carboxylase (acetyl Coa –> malonyl CoA)- fatty acid synthesis
propionyl-CoA carboxylase (propionyl CoA to methylmalonyl CoA)- fatty acid oxidation
what deficiency happens from eating too many eggwhites?
biotin
what sequence is at the 3’ end of tRNA as a recognition? sequence
CCA
amatoxins
poison found in wild mushrooms
bind to DNA dep RNA pol II –> halt mRNA synthesis
abdominal pain, cholera-like diarrhea, vomit, hepatic and renal failure
what affects glycogen degradation in muscle
Calcium ions!
Ca–> activates phosphorylase kinase activate glycogen phosphorylase –> glycogenolysis
management of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
ketogenic diet– lysine and leucine are ketogenic amino acids
thiamine deficiency
Vitamin B1
Dry beriberi: polyneuritis, muscle wasting
Wet Beriberi: high output cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy), edema
Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome- confused, opthalmoplegia, ataxia
ristocetin test
measures vWF-dependent platelet aggregation
ristocetin normally activates GPIb receptor to be available to vWF
if no vWF or GPIb (Bernard-Soulier), abnromal test
If add fresh platelets (that has vWF)
vWF defiency corrects, but Bernard Soulier doesnt
attrituable risk percent formula
= (1-relative risk)/ relative risk *100
=(risk in exposed-risk in unexposed)/risk in exposed *100
how does mutated huntingtin protein cause disease?
deactylation of histones–> silences genes for neuronal survival
typical complication of acute MI on 5th day
rupture of LV free wall–> cardiac tamponade –> shock
verapamil MOA
block L type Ca channels –> slowing of phase 4 depolarization –> reduced conduction velocity in SA and AV nodes
A delta fibers
free nerve endings detect pain and temp
pacinian corpuscles vs ruffini
both mediate touch, proprioception, and vibration
pacinian- rapidly acting
ruffini- slow acting
common cause of retroperitoneal hematomas
pancreatic injury
cyanide poisoning manifestation
reddish hint to skin, tachypnea, N/V, confused, weak, progress to seizure and CV collapse
lactic acidosis, narrowed arterial-venous PO2 gradient
cyanide poisoning pathogenesis and treatment
cyanide binds ferric Fe3–> inhibit cytochrome c oxidase–> no oxidative phosphorylation (no etc)
treat with inhaled amyl nitrate- which oxidizes Fe2 into Fe3 to attract and sequester cyanide away
where is angio I concerted to angio II?
small vessels of lung
how many days after fertilization is hcg detected in serum versus urine?
urine- 14 days
serum- 8 days
signs of digoxin toxicity
confusion, lethargy, weak, visual symptoms, N/V
cardiac arrhythmia
elevated K- due to inhibit Na-K ATPase
whats a future risk of cryptochordism
testicular cancer
TH2 stimulates which cytokines to activate IgE production?
IL-4 and IL-13
