5/5

Question 1

drugs used for tonic-clonic and myoclonic seizures

Answer 1

Lamotrigine
Valproid acid
Topiramate
Levitiracetam

Question 2

drugs used for simple and complex seizures

Answer 2

Carbamezepine
Gabapentin
Phenoarbital
Phenytoin

Question 3

hemodynamic forces in acute mitral regurgitation

Answer 3

increased preload
decreased afterload
increased ejection fraction
decreased stroke volume

dont ask me why

Question 4

hemodynamic forces in decompensated mitral regurgitaton

Answer 4

increased preload
increased afterload
decreased ejection fraction
decreased stroke volume
decreased contractility

Question 5

how isoniazid creates sideroblastic anemia

Answer 5

inhibits pyridoxine phosphkinase which converts pyridoxine to its active form

pyridoxine then used as cofactor in RLS of heme synthesis for aminolevulonic acid (ALA) synthase

inhibiting this enzyme causes the microcytic hypochromic anemia with granules around the nucleus

Question 6

chloride shift

Answer 6

why there is Cl- in RBCs

as bicarbonate is produced in carbonic anhydrase reaction, it leaves the cell and Cl comes in to take its place for electric neutrality

Question 7

methylphenidate side effects

Answer 7

decreased appetite, insomnia, weight loss

Question 8

where should thoracentesis be inserted?

Answer 8

6-8th rib- midclavicular line
8-10th rib midaxillary line
10-12th rib paravertebral line

if above–hit lung
if below- hit liver

Question 9

patient ductus arteriosus

Answer 9

derived from 6th embryonic aortic arch

left-to-right shunting

continuous murmus in infraclavicular region

indomethacin can help treat- PGE2 inhibitor

Question 10

is mets from prostate to vertebra transported via blood or lymph?

Answer 10

blood- veins

Question 11

why is ESR slower?

Answer 11

RBCs coated with acute phase reactants

IL-6, IL-1, TNF alpha stimulate those reactants

Question 12

effect modification

Answer 12

when outcome is influenced by a variable

not a bias!

Question 13

Polymyositis

Answer 13

proximal muscle weakness in mid age

biopsy: endomysial mononuclear infiltrate, patchy necrosis
labs: ANA, anti-jo-1, elevated CK, aldolase

Question 14

another name for anti-jo-1

Answer 14

anti-histidyl-tRNA-synthetase

Question 15

adenosine and dipyridamole

Answer 15

selective vasodilators of coronoary vessels

cause coronoary steal, a phenomenon where blood flow to ischemic areas is reduced due to arteriovasodilation in nonischemic areas, exacerbating ischemia

Question 16

most common heart defect in turner’s

Answer 16

bicuspid aortic valve

Question 17

herpes encephalitis affects which lobe?

Answer 17

temporal lobe

Question 18

etanercept MOA and RX

Answer 18

MOA: TNF inhibitor - acts as soluble receptor decoy protein

Rx: RA with methotrexate

Question 19

connexins

Answer 19

proteins that assemble gap junctions before labor

increase in response to estrogen

Question 20

therapy for TIA

Answer 20

low-dose aspirin

bp and statin therapy

Question 21

drug-induced lupus symptoms

Answer 21

fever, arthralgias, pleuritis

no malar rash and rare neurotoxicity

positive anti-histone antibodies

Question 22

drugs that induce lupus

Answer 22

drugs metabolized by N-acetylation in the liver

procainamide
hydralazine
isoniazid

Question 23

what lab should you do to determine cause of metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 23

urine Chloride

is it vomiting (low Cl)? is it loop diuretic (high Cl)? is it mineralocorticoid excess (high Cl)?

Question 24

what is salmonella’s virulence factor?

Answer 24

special capsid that prevents opsonization

Question 25

what type of cells line ovary epithelium?

Answer 25

simple cuboidal