5/5 Flashcards
drugs used for tonic-clonic and myoclonic seizures
Lamotrigine
Valproid acid
Topiramate
Levitiracetam
drugs used for simple and complex seizures
Carbamezepine
Gabapentin
Phenoarbital
Phenytoin
hemodynamic forces in acute mitral regurgitation
increased preload
decreased afterload
increased ejection fraction
decreased stroke volume
dont ask me why
hemodynamic forces in decompensated mitral regurgitaton
increased preload increased afterload decreased ejection fraction decreased stroke volume decreased contractility
how isoniazid creates sideroblastic anemia
inhibits pyridoxine phosphkinase which converts pyridoxine to its active form
pyridoxine then used as cofactor in RLS of heme synthesis for aminolevulonic acid (ALA) synthase
inhibiting this enzyme causes the microcytic hypochromic anemia with granules around the nucleus
chloride shift
why there is Cl- in RBCs
as bicarbonate is produced in carbonic anhydrase reaction, it leaves the cell and Cl comes in to take its place for electric neutrality
methylphenidate side effects
decreased appetite, insomnia, weight loss
where should thoracentesis be inserted?
6-8th rib- midclavicular line
8-10th rib midaxillary line
10-12th rib paravertebral line
if above–hit lung
if below- hit liver
patient ductus arteriosus
derived from 6th embryonic aortic arch
left-to-right shunting
continuous murmus in infraclavicular region
indomethacin can help treat- PGE2 inhibitor
is mets from prostate to vertebra transported via blood or lymph?
blood- veins
why is ESR slower?
RBCs coated with acute phase reactants
IL-6, IL-1, TNF alpha stimulate those reactants
effect modification
when outcome is influenced by a variable
not a bias!
Polymyositis
proximal muscle weakness in mid age
biopsy: endomysial mononuclear infiltrate, patchy necrosis
labs: ANA, anti-jo-1, elevated CK, aldolase
another name for anti-jo-1
anti-histidyl-tRNA-synthetase
adenosine and dipyridamole
selective vasodilators of coronoary vessels
cause coronoary steal, a phenomenon where blood flow to ischemic areas is reduced due to arteriovasodilation in nonischemic areas, exacerbating ischemia
most common heart defect in turner’s
bicuspid aortic valve
herpes encephalitis affects which lobe?
temporal lobe
etanercept MOA and RX
MOA: TNF inhibitor - acts as soluble receptor decoy protein
Rx: RA with methotrexate
connexins
proteins that assemble gap junctions before labor
increase in response to estrogen
therapy for TIA
low-dose aspirin
bp and statin therapy
drug-induced lupus symptoms
fever, arthralgias, pleuritis
no malar rash and rare neurotoxicity
positive anti-histone antibodies
drugs that induce lupus
drugs metabolized by N-acetylation in the liver
procainamide
hydralazine
isoniazid
what lab should you do to determine cause of metabolic alkalosis?
urine Chloride
is it vomiting (low Cl)? is it loop diuretic (high Cl)? is it mineralocorticoid excess (high Cl)?
what is salmonella’s virulence factor?
special capsid that prevents opsonization
what type of cells line ovary epithelium?
simple cuboidal
