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Wrongs > 6/1 > Flashcards

6/1 Flashcards

1
Q

half life equation in first order kinetics

A

0.7 (Vd) / CL

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2
Q

loading dose equation

A

(Cp x Vd) / F

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3
Q

maintenance dose equation

A

(Cp x CL X dosage interval) / F

Cp is target plasma con

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4
Q

JVP waves

A

a- RA contraction (absent in afib)

c- RV contraction

x descent- atrial relax and close tricuspid (absent in tricuspid regurgitation)

v - RA filling

y descent- RA empting (absent in cardiac tamponade, prominent in constrictive pericarditis)

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5
Q

which murmurs intensify with handgrip maneuver?

A

(increase afterload)

MR, AR, VSD

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6
Q

which murmurs intensify with valsalva

A

MVP

HOCM

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7
Q

which murmurs intensify with squatting

A

AS

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8
Q

what situations does pulse pressure increase

A 
hyperthryroidism
AR
aortic stiffening
obstructive sleep apnea
exercise
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9
Q

what situations does pulse pressure decrease

A

Aortic stenosis
cardiogenic shock
HF

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10
Q

what can BNP blood test diagnose

A

HF

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11
Q

complications in first 24 hours of MI

A

ventricular arrythmia
HF
cardiogenic shock

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12
Q

when can various ruptures happen after MI

A

papillary muscle- 2-7 days

interventricular septum- 3-5 days

ventricular psuedoaneurysm (contained free wall rupture)- 3-14 days

free wall rupture- 5-14 days

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13
Q

when is pulsus paradoxus seen

A 
cardiac tamponade
pericarditis
croup
asthma
obstructive sleep apnea
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14
Q

kussmaul sign

A

increase in JVP on inspiration (normally decrease)

seen in: (impaired RV filling)

constrictive pericardiits
restrictive cardiomyopathies
RA or RV tumors

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15
Q

what organ does polyarteritis nodosa spare

A

lung!

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16
Q

Tuberculoid vs lepramatous forms of leprosy

A

T: Th1 response- activated macrophages- localized inflamm - hypopigmented plaques with decreased sensation

L: Th2- w/in inactivated macropages- disseminated- widespread plaques, leonine face, loss of nose/fingers

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17
Q

which tests deciphers between two types of leprosy

A

lepromin skin test

T: indurated nodule at site of injection

L: nonreactive because weak Th1

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18
Q

radial head subluxation

A

most common elbow injury in kids by age 4

annular ligament tears from radial neck and gets trapped in radialhumeral joint

arm at side pronated; pain upon moving

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19
Q

chronic mesenteric ischemia

A

atherosclerosis of mesenteric arteries

–> ischemia –> pain after meals

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20
Q

hydrocephalus ex-vacuo

A

central neuronal loss/atrophy–> ventricles expand

normal CSF pressure

ex. AID dementia

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21
Q

young patient with multiple DVTs and a normal PTT, think…

A

Factor V Leiden mutation- hypercoagulable state by protein C resistance

if it was elevated PTT, think antiphospholipid syndrome

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22
Q

pathogenesis of polymyositis

A

over-expression of MHC class I on sarcolemma–> CD8 infiltration —> damage

23
Q

what do you need to know to amplify segment in PCR?

A

primers of areas flanking target region

24
Q

malignant hyperthermia

A

hypersensitivity of skeletal muscles to inahled anesthetics and succinylcholine (think: fever and rigid after surgery)

due to aut dom defect of Ryr- release abnormal large amounts of Ca

treat: dantrolene- muscle relaxant that acts on Ryr

25
Q

NK1 antagonists examples and Rx

A

Rx: chemo-induced vomiting (postrema)

aprepitant, fosaprepitant

26
Q

chronic lymphedema is a risk factor for…

A

cutaneous angiosarcoma (Stewart-Treves syndrome)

27
Q

what type of microscopy do you need to see minimal change disease

A

electron microscopy

28
Q

how does Mg affect PTH secretion

A

low Mg –> high PTH

low low Mg –> low PTH

causes of low Mg- diarrhea, aminoglycosides, diuretics, alcohol abuse

29
Q

which hormones use cAMP signaling

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH (V2), MSH, PTH, calcitonin, GHRH, glucagon

FLAT ChAMP GG

30
Q

which hormones use cGMP

A

ANP, BNP, EDRF (NO) - vasodilators

31
Q

which hormones use IP3

A

GnRH, oxytocin, ADH (V1), TRH, Histamine (H1), Angiotensin II, Gastrin

GOAT HAG

32
Q

which hormones use receptor tyrosine kinase

A

insulin, IGF-1, FGF, PDGF, EGF

growth factors

33
Q

which hormones use nonreceptor tyrosine kinase

A

GH, Erythropoietin, Thrombopoietin
Prolactin, Immunomodulators (cytokines), GM-CSF

GET PIG

34
Q

what does cortisol inhibit immunologically?

A

phospholipase A2
IL-2
histamine release
WBC adhesion

35
Q

metyrapone stimulation test

A

normally, metyapone blocks last step of cortisol synthesis (11-deoxycortisol to cortisol) so decreased cortisol and increased compensatory ACTH and 11 deoxycortisol response

in primary adrenal insuff: high ACTH but low 11-deoxy

in 2/3 adrenal insuff- both decreased

36
Q

neuroblastoma

A

common neural crest tumor of adrenal medulla in kids but can happen anywhere along sympathetic chain

firm, irregular

opsoclonus-myoclonus

high HVA, VMA; N myc
homer wright rosettes

37
Q

scalloped colloid

A

graves disease

38
Q

4 carcinomas that spread hematogenously

A

renal
hepatocellular
follicular thryoid carcinoma
choriocarcinomas

39
Q

Treat nephrogenic diabetes

A

hydrocholorthiazide
indomethacin
amilioride

40
Q

what is most likely to be injured in a hysterectomy

A

ureter

41
Q

varenicline MOA and Rx

A

MOA: partial agnost of nicotinic Ach receptors

Rx: reduce smoking cravings and attenuates pleasurable effects of smoking

42
Q

layers that have edema in urticaria vs angioedema

A

urticaria- superficial dermis

angioedema- deep dermis, subcutaneous

43
Q

features specific to Graves

A

pretibial myxedema (lower leg thickening from GAGs)

exopthalmos

44
Q

LPL deficiency

A

familial chylomicronemia syndrome- aut rec

acute pancreatitis, xanthomas, HSM, lipemia retinalis

45
Q

if a middle aged person who is near sighted says their vision is improving , think…

A

age related presbyopia

moving image focusing from in front of retina (myopia) to further behind retina (presbyopia), but landing in the middle

46
Q

which cofactor is necessary for the transamination of an amino acid in the urea cycle?

A

pyridoxine , B6

47
Q

length constant vs time constant

A

length constant- how far along nerve AP can propagate

time constant- how long it takes for a change in 63% membrane potential (the lower, the faster)

48
Q

if you aspirate something, where does it go in lung in supine position?

A

posterior of right upper lobe or superior segment of lower lobe

49
Q

vit E deficiency degenerates what

A

dorsal column
spinocerebellar
peripheral nerves

50
Q

calcipotriene MOA and Rx

A

Rx: psoriasis

MOA: activates vitamin D to inhibit keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation

51
Q

amlodipine tx

A

non pitting edema

HA, dizzy

52
Q

which TB drug needs to be activated by catalase peroxidase?

A

isoniazid

53
Q

decerebrate posturing vs decorticate posturing

A

decorticate: above red nucleus (cerebral hemispheres, internal capsule)- flexor posture
decerebrate: at or below level of red nucleus (pons)- extensor posture

Wrongs (36 decks)

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