5/2 Flashcards
highest osmolarity in renal tubules is…
bottom of loop of henle
which enzyme converts heme to biliverdin
heme oxygenase
lab findings in down syndrome in 2nd trimester
low AFP and unconjugated estradiol
high HCG and inhibin A
which artery supplies proximal ureter?
renal artery
what are IL-2’s effects that help with antitumor effect?
increases activity of T cells and NK cells
which mediator stimulates neutrophil migration to inflammatory site?
leukotriene B
developmental field defect
where embryonic disturbance leads to multiple malformations by disrupting adjacent tissues
holoprosencephaly
type of developmental field defect
incomplete division of forebrain into 2 hemispheres (tele and diencephalon cleavage)
cleft lip, single midline eye, proboscis, etc.
superior mesenteric artery syndrome
when transverse part of duodenum is trapped between SMA and aorta–> partial intestinal obstruction
first line therapy for acute gouty attack
NSAIDS
dihydroergotamine
ergot alkaloid therapy for migraines
may induce vasospastic angina- constricts smooth muscle via alpha-adrnergic and serotonergic receptors
where is heme made
partly in mitochondria and partly in cytoplasm of erythrocytes
mostly in erythrocyte precursor cells in bm and hepatocytes, but any organ
exposure odds ratio
calculated in case control studies (people with disease and without, and looking back at their exposure to something)
odds of exposure of people with disease/odds of exposure of people without disease
which cells stimulates fibrous cap in atheromas?
vascular smooth muscle cells
fat embolism syndrome
history: bone injury/trauma
acute onset neurological disturbance, hypoxemia, petechial rash
fat globules can lodge in pulm arteries
burr cell RBCs causes
- uremia
- pyruvate kinase def
- microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
- mechanical damage (from prosthetic valve)
cromolyn MOA and RX
for asthma:
inhibit mast cell degranulation - prevent release of preformed mediators
treat maple syrup urine disease
replenish branched chain alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase with 5 cofactors: -Thiamine -Lipoate -Coenzyme A -FAD -NAD (TLC For Nancy)
enzymes that can metabolize fructose
fructokinase and hexokinase
and then aldolase B converts fructose-1-P
which cell can have glycoloysis without making any net ATP?
RBCs because…
- no mitochondria- no TCA
- can bypass a step that usually makes ATP by converting 1,3BPG to 2,3BPG
name of enzyme that is RLS in bile acid synthesis and if inhibited, will lead to risk of cholesterol gallstones
cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase
Southwestern blot
detects DNA binding proteins, like transcription factor`s, histones, nucleases
ex. c-jun
order of base excision repair mechanism
- glycosylase- remove defective base
- endonuclease- cleaves 5’
- lyase- cleaves 3’
- DNA polymerase
- ligase
lead toxicity
impoverished + anemia —–> neurotoxicity
inhibits ferrochelatase and delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase
leads to elevated zinc protoporphyrin and ALA levels
holosystolic murmur
mitral valve regurgitation
interstitial myocardial granulomas (aschoff bodies) found in…
acute rheumatic fever
where does lymph drain to distal to dentate line in rectum?
inguinal lymph nodes `
musculoskeletal nerve innervates…
biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis
sensory to lateral forearm
porphyria cutanea tarda
most common disorder of heme synthesis
uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase deficiency
photosensitivity- blistering rash
how does MI affect CO and VR?
CO decreases
VR same
odds ratio equation
A/C / B/D
what do integrins adhere to?
fibronectins, collagen, laminin
POMC precursors
ACTH, MSH, beta-endorphin
stress and opioids are related!
what is a complication of cardiac catheritization of the common femoral artery below the inguinal ligament?
retroperitoneal bleeding
what causes coronary sinus dilatation?
**pulmonary hypertension
or persistent left superior vena cava return and total anamalous pulmonary venous return
how does inflammatory breast cancer lead to itchy rash (peau d’orange)
lymphatic drainage obstruction
mitochondrial myopathy
transmitted by mitochondria- maternal
findings: myopathy, NS dysfunction, lactic acidosis, ragged red fibers on biopsy
eczematous dermatitis- acute allergic contact dermatitis
delayed type IV hypersensitivity
erythematous papulovesicular weeping lesion
spongiosis- edema
what happens when you add ACEI to diuretics (or HF) in hypertensive patient?
first dose hypotension due to abrupt removal of angiotensin II’s vasoconstrictive effects
ACEI effect on GFR
decrease GFR- dilate efferent arteriole
cause acute renal failure
foreign bodies in skin can elicit what type of response?
granulomas
major mediators of sepsis
TNF alpha, IL-1, IL-6
factor V Leiden carriers
resist activated protein C –> hypercoagulable state –> DVT –> pulmonary emboli
