5/2

Question 1

highest osmolarity in renal tubules is…

Answer 1

bottom of loop of henle

Question 2

which enzyme converts heme to biliverdin

Answer 2

heme oxygenase

Question 3

lab findings in down syndrome in 2nd trimester

Answer 3

low AFP and unconjugated estradiol

high HCG and inhibin A

Question 4

which artery supplies proximal ureter?

Answer 4

renal artery

Question 5

what are IL-2’s effects that help with antitumor effect?

Answer 5

increases activity of T cells and NK cells

Question 6

which mediator stimulates neutrophil migration to inflammatory site?

Answer 6

leukotriene B

Question 7

developmental field defect

Answer 7

where embryonic disturbance leads to multiple malformations by disrupting adjacent tissues

Question 8

holoprosencephaly

Answer 8

type of developmental field defect

incomplete division of forebrain into 2 hemispheres (tele and diencephalon cleavage)

cleft lip, single midline eye, proboscis, etc.

Question 9

superior mesenteric artery syndrome

Answer 9

when transverse part of duodenum is trapped between SMA and aorta–> partial intestinal obstruction

Question 10

first line therapy for acute gouty attack

Answer 10

NSAIDS

Question 11

dihydroergotamine

Answer 11

ergot alkaloid therapy for migraines

may induce vasospastic angina- constricts smooth muscle via alpha-adrnergic and serotonergic receptors

Question 12

where is heme made

Answer 12

partly in mitochondria and partly in cytoplasm of erythrocytes

mostly in erythrocyte precursor cells in bm and hepatocytes, but any organ

Question 13

exposure odds ratio

Answer 13

calculated in case control studies (people with disease and without, and looking back at their exposure to something)

odds of exposure of people with disease/odds of exposure of people without disease

Question 14

which cells stimulates fibrous cap in atheromas?

Answer 14

vascular smooth muscle cells

Question 15

fat embolism syndrome

Answer 15

history: bone injury/trauma

acute onset neurological disturbance, hypoxemia, petechial rash

fat globules can lodge in pulm arteries

Question 16

burr cell RBCs causes

Answer 16

• uremia
• pyruvate kinase def
• microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
• mechanical damage (from prosthetic valve)

Question 17

cromolyn MOA and RX

Answer 17

for asthma:

inhibit mast cell degranulation - prevent release of preformed mediators

Question 18

treat maple syrup urine disease

Answer 18

replenish branched chain alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase with 5 cofactors:
-Thiamine
-Lipoate
-Coenzyme A
-FAD
-NAD
(TLC For Nancy)

Question 19

enzymes that can metabolize fructose

Answer 19

fructokinase and hexokinase

and then aldolase B converts fructose-1-P

Question 20

which cell can have glycoloysis without making any net ATP?

Answer 20

RBCs because…

• no mitochondria- no TCA
• can bypass a step that usually makes ATP by converting 1,3BPG to 2,3BPG

Question 21

name of enzyme that is RLS in bile acid synthesis and if inhibited, will lead to risk of cholesterol gallstones

Answer 21

cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase

Question 22

Southwestern blot

Answer 22

detects DNA binding proteins, like transcription factor`s, histones, nucleases

ex. c-jun

Question 23

order of base excision repair mechanism

Answer 23

1. glycosylase- remove defective base
2. endonuclease- cleaves 5’
3. lyase- cleaves 3’
4. DNA polymerase
5. ligase

Question 24

lead toxicity

Answer 24

impoverished + anemia —–> neurotoxicity

inhibits ferrochelatase and delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase

leads to elevated zinc protoporphyrin and ALA levels

Question 25

holosystolic murmur

Answer 25

mitral valve regurgitation

Question 26

interstitial myocardial granulomas (aschoff bodies) found in…

Answer 26

acute rheumatic fever

Question 27

where does lymph drain to distal to dentate line in rectum?

Answer 27

inguinal lymph nodes `

Question 28

musculoskeletal nerve innervates…

Answer 28

biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis

sensory to lateral forearm

Question 29

porphyria cutanea tarda

Answer 29

most common disorder of heme synthesis

uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase deficiency

photosensitivity- blistering rash

Question 30

how does MI affect CO and VR?

Answer 30

CO decreases

VR same

Question 31

odds ratio equation

Answer 31

A/C / B/D

Question 32

what do integrins adhere to?

Answer 32

fibronectins, collagen, laminin

Question 33

POMC precursors

Answer 33

ACTH, MSH, beta-endorphin

stress and opioids are related!

Question 34

what is a complication of cardiac catheritization of the common femoral artery below the inguinal ligament?

Answer 34

retroperitoneal bleeding

Question 35

what causes coronary sinus dilatation?

Answer 35

**pulmonary hypertension

or persistent left superior vena cava return and total anamalous pulmonary venous return

Question 36

how does inflammatory breast cancer lead to itchy rash (peau d’orange)

Answer 36

lymphatic drainage obstruction

Question 37

mitochondrial myopathy

Answer 37

transmitted by mitochondria- maternal

findings: myopathy, NS dysfunction, lactic acidosis, ragged red fibers on biopsy

Question 38

eczematous dermatitis- acute allergic contact dermatitis

Answer 38

delayed type IV hypersensitivity

erythematous papulovesicular weeping lesion

spongiosis- edema

Question 39

what happens when you add ACEI to diuretics (or HF) in hypertensive patient?

Answer 39

first dose hypotension due to abrupt removal of angiotensin II’s vasoconstrictive effects

Question 40

ACEI effect on GFR

Answer 40

decrease GFR- dilate efferent arteriole

cause acute renal failure

Question 41

foreign bodies in skin can elicit what type of response?

Answer 41

granulomas

Question 42

major mediators of sepsis

Answer 42

TNF alpha, IL-1, IL-6

Question 43

factor V Leiden carriers

Answer 43

resist activated protein C –> hypercoagulable state –> DVT –> pulmonary emboli