5/9 Flashcards
lead antidotes
adult: dimercaprol, EDTA
kid: succimer
meds that lead to increased falls
antipsychotics antidepressants benzos CCB NSAIDS
relative risk > 1 and <1 means what?
> 1- there is an association of exposure with increased risk of disease
<1- association of exposure with decreased risk of disease
pramipexole MOA and Rx
Parkisons
dopamine agonist
Barr body
inactivated x-chromosome into heterochromatin (heavily methylated DNA and HDAC)
xeroderma pigmentosum
aut rec defect in nucleotide excision repair
UV causes thymidine dimers which are then normally excised by endonucleases
can you get hallucinations in narcolepsy?
yes
most common cardiac defects in Downs
ASD, VSD (atrioventricular canal defects)
most common cardiac defects in DiGeorge’s
tetralogy of fallot
truncus arteriosus
transposition of great vessels
postexposure prophylaxis of rabies
rabbies Ig and inactivated vaccination
what surgery can accidentally cut the long thoracic nerve?
dissection of the axillary lymph nodes
which enzyme activates trypsinogen—>trypsin at duodenal brush border
enteropeptidase
what is the most sensitive screening test for hypothyrodism
serum TSH
incretins
hormones by gut mucosa that stimulate pancreatic insulin production in response to sugar meal (ingested orally, not IV)
serious tx of nitroprusside
cyanide poisoning- binds Fe3+ to cyt c oxidase, inhibitng electron transport chain
altered mentally, seizures, CV collapse, lactic acidosis, bright red venous blood
3 strategies of antidote for cyanide poisoning
1) hydroxycobalamin- direct binding of cyanide ions
2) sodium nitrite- induce methemoglobinemia
3) sodium thiosulfate- detoxifying sulfur
what’s anatomical landmark for lumbar puncture
iliac crest to get in the spinal cord around L3-5
most common way of getting bacillus anthracis
working with livestock- sheep!
peroxisomal diseases
peroxisomes absent/nonfunctional
long chain fatty acids cant undergo mitochondrial oxidation - beta or alpha
lead to neuro effects- improper CNS myelination
two types- Zellweger, Refsum
prussian blue staining detects
intracellular iron
–> hemosiderin laden macrophages
orotic acid
aut rec UMP synthase defect
cant covert orotic acid to UMP (pyrimidine synthesis)
FTT, developmental delay, megaloblastic anemia
diamond-Blackfan anemia
defect in erythroid progenitor cells
rapid onsent macrocytic anemia, high HbF
short, craniofacial abnormalities
cold agglutinin autoimmune hemolytic anemia
IgM attacks RBCs– anemia triggered by cold
associated with ALL, Mono, mycoplasma pneumoniae
warm agglutinin autoimmune hemolytic anemia
IgG attacks RBCs
seen with CLL, SLE, drugs (methyldopa)
Extravascular hemolysis normocytic anemias
Hereditary spherocytosis Pyruvate kinase def HbC disease Sickle Cell Autoimmune hemolytic anemia- IgG
Intravascular hemolysis normocytic anemias
G6PD def PNH some sickle cell microangiopathyic anemia infections
RNA pol I function
make ribosomes in the nucleolus
alk phos levels in CML vs leukemoid reaction
alk phos decreased in CML
normal/increased in leukemoid reaction
oxygen values in methemoglobinemia (Fe3+) and cause
nitrites poisoning (fe2–>fe3+ which cannot carry oxygen)
total O2 content decreased
%saturation decreased
oxygen carrying capacity decreased
partial pressure of oxygen in blood same!
which cytokine causes symptoms of cachexia (anorexia, malasie, weight loss, wasting)
TNFalpha
PD-1
programmed death receptor- expressed on T cells
once bind to PD-L1, signals to inhibit cytotoxic T cells
cancer up regulates this to evade immune system
anti-PD1 therapy used so T cells can fight
conditons that induce sickling in sickle cell anemia
low O2
high altitude
acidosis
RNA interference
short non-coding RNA sequences induce posttranscriptional gene silencing
miRNA or siRNA
in the cytoplasm after transcription: 1) cleaved by a dicer, 2)incorporated into RISC 3)complementary binds mRNA 4)degradation or translational repression
atropine Rx
bradycardia
elastin formation
1) large polypeptide precursor of nonpolar amino acids and proline and lysine
2 interacts with fibrillin in ECM
3) lysyl oxidase deaminates some lysine residues–> desmosine cross links
oocytes arrested before fertilization
secondary oocytes- metaphase of Meiosis II
oocytes arrested before ovulation
primary oocytes- prophase meiosis I
umbilical hernia
incomplete closure of umbilical ring–> defect in linea alba –> protrude bowel through abdomen
how many months can patients have viable sperm after a vasectomy
3 months
negatively skewed- order mean, median, mode
mode>median>mean
positively skewed- order mean, median, mode
mean>median>mode
how are carcinogens that enter the body activated?
CYP p450 system- microsomal monooxygenase
prepatellar bursitis
due to repetitive kneeling
bursa forms between patella and skin to alleviate pressure
spinda bifida is what type of inheritance?
multifactorial
genes involved in the advancement of colon adenocarcinoma
1) APC –> hyperproliferative epithelium
2) KRAS –> adenoma
3) TP53–> adenocarcinoma
Atenolol MOA
selective B1 antagonist (Gs)
decreases cAMP in cardiac and renal tissue (not vascular smooth muscle)
porcelain gallbladder
found incidentally- rim of calcium outlining gallbladder
associated with chronic cholecystitis
can increase risk for gallbladder cancer
acalculous cholecystitis
acute inflamm of gallbladdder without gallstones
in critically ill patients- sepsis, burns, trauma
fever, RUQ pain, leukocytosis
what structure divides direct and indirect inguinal herians
epigastric vessel
indirect- lateral- processus vaginals fails
direct- medial- Hesselbachs triangle
why some vaccines given with tetanus toxoid?
protein induces T-cell mediated response
