5/26-5/29 Flashcards
mitocondria chromosome shape
circular
buerger’s disease
small-medium sized vasculitis
segmental thrombosing
extends to veins and nerves
smokers, Japan, Israel, India
cephalosporin-resistant organisms
listeria
MRSA
Enterococci
Atypicals (mycoplasma, chlamydia)
what age group do celiac people get dermatitis herpetiformis
40s-50s
treatments for Conn syndrome
(hyperaldosteronism)
aldosterone antagonists- spironolactone, epleronone
treatment for sickle cell anemia
hydroxyurea- increases HbF
arsenic poisoning symptoms
garlic breath
vomit, diarrhea
QT prolonged
arsenic poisoning MOA
binds to sulfhydryl groups–> inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase –> impair cell respiration
arsenic poisoning antidote
dimercaprol- increases excretion of heavy metals
antidote for iron overload
deferoxamine
antidote for cyanide poisoning
hydroxycobalamin (vit B12 precursor)
flank pain, hematuria, and varicoceles suggest
renal vein thrombosis (nephrotic syndrome)
thyroid hormones use what type of receptor
intracellular receptor (like steroids)- directly act as their own txn factors
diabetic mononeuropathy caused by
ischemic damage
period acid schiff highlights…
- polysacchardies of fungal cell wall
- muscosubstances secreted by epithelia
- basement membranes
eg. glycoprotein in tropheryma whipplei
which virus has similar phopholipid surface to host cell?
herpes family has envelope that they acquire from host
why does appendicitis irritate umbilical area
afferent fibers from superior mesenteric plexus enter spinal cord at T10
mcburney point
as appendicitis becomes more inflamed, irritating parietal peritoneum, shifting irritation from umbilicus to mcburney point (2/3 distance from umbilicus to anterior superior iliac spine)- somatic pain
signs/symptoms of multiple myeloma
fatigue
constipation
bone nain
elevated serum protein
renal failure- bence jones protein
what happens when you administer high rates of O2 to someone with COPD?
oxygen-induced hypercapnia – confusion, decreased consciousness
reverse hypoxia-induced pulmvasoconstriction –> increase physiological dead space
how does oxygen toxicity present from reactive oxygen species
substernal heaviness
pleuritic chest pain
cough/SOB
how does sarcoiodosis make hypercalcemia
activated macrophages form 1,25vit D in lung and lymph nodes
CAAT
promoter sequence, just like TATA
where in body is the most deoxygenated blood
coronary sinus- extraction is high!
which nucleus in hypothalamus controls satiety and which one controls hunger
satiety- ventromedial (makes you grow medially)
hunger- lateral (makes you grow laterally)
which nucleus in hypothalamus controls heat dissipation and which one heat conservation
heat dissipation- anterior
conservation- posterior
treatments for neuroleptic malignant syndrome
dantrolene- antagonize Ryr receptos –> inhibit Ca release from sarcoplasmic reticulum –> relaxant
bromocriptine- dopamine agonist
OTC deficiency vs UMP synthetase deficiency in terms of labs and symptoms
both lead to elevated orotic acid
but OTC–> hyperammonemia
and UMP syn doesnt
OTC–> vomiting, tachypnea, coma
UMPS–> megaloblastic anemia, delayed growth
labs indicative of alcohol toxicity
AST > ALT
gamma-glutamyltransferase
treatment for amphetamines toxicity
benzos
treatment for cocaine toxicity
alpha blockers and benzos
NOT BETA BLOCKERS
conversion disorder
loss of sensory or motor function, often after acute stressor
patient aware but indifferent
illness anxiety disorder
preoccupation with having serious illness
pseudocyesis
false belief of being pregnant
malingering
patient consciously fakes disorder to attain secondary gain
complains cease after gain
how many words should you have by age 2
50-200, 2 word phrases
alcohol abstinence drugs and MOA
naltrexone- 1st line to reduce craving- mu antagonist
disulfiram- inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase
acamprosate- modulates glutamate at NMDA rec
strongest risk factor for suicide
previous attempt
buspirone MOA and Rx
Rx- generalized anxiety
MOA: partial agonist of 5HT1A rec- slow onset!
internal laryngeal nerve
afferent limb of cough reflex
in pyriform recess (where food can get stuck)
levodopa on off phenomenon
fluctuations in motor function because progressive nigrostriatal neurodegeneration leads to decreased therapeutic window
unpredictable
after how many hours of fasting is glycogenolysis the primary source of glucose
12-18 hours
then gluconeogenesis
how does arteriovenous shunt affect CO forces?
decrease afterload, increase preload
–> high output cardiac failure
Isoniazid MOA
inhibit mycolic acid synthesis in mycobacteria cell wall
small intestinal bacteria overgrowth leads to an increase in which vitamins
K and folate
cholesterol gallstone composition ratio
high cholesterol
low bile acids
low phosphatidylcholine
which receptor type for ANP and BNP
GC–> cGMP
dystrophin function
stabilizes sarcolemma to intracellular contraction apparatus
how does corneybacterium diptheria acquire its toxin?
bacteriphage
how does ecoli acquire fimbrae?
conjugation
Kussmaul sign
paradoxical rise in JVP on inspiration
due to volume-restricted RV unable to accomodate inspiratory increase in VR in constrictive pericarditis
BRCA codes for what?
DNA repair
thicker RV wall than LV wall, think…
pulmonary hypertension
which neuropeptides decreased in CSF in narcolepsy
hypocretin 1 (orexin-A) and hypocretin 2 (orexin-B)
HIV associated dementia pathology
microglial nodules –> necrosis –> multinucleated giant cells
