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Wrongs > 5/16 > Flashcards

5/16 Flashcards

1
Q

risk of myopathy is enhanced when statins taken with….

A

gemfibrozil- reduces hepatic clearance of statins

also niacin and ezetimibe but to lesser extent

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2
Q

pathway of nesseria meningitidus from entry to meninges

A

inhaled–> nasopharnyx–> blood –> choroid plexus –> meninges

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3
Q

when you look at horizontal cut on CT, are you looking at it from above or below

A

below

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4
Q

arteries of less curvature of stomach (top) and greater curvature (bottom)

A

lesser- left and right gastric arteries

greater- left and right gastroepiploic arteries

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5
Q

infarct of medial pons at level of middle cerebellar pedunce

A

affect CST- contralateral hemiparesis, Babinski
affect CBT- contralateral facial palsy
affect corticopontine fibers- contralateral dysmetria and dysdiachokinesia

trigeminal nerve arises through there

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6
Q

which myotoms for biceps reflex

A

C5-C6

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7
Q

which proteins does RER make

A

secretory proteins
integral membrane proteins
proteins within ER, golgi, and lysosomes

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8
Q

lynch syndrome gene

A

aut dom- defect mismatch repair

MSH2, MLH1- encode for MutS and MutL

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9
Q

what drug can help prevent cerebral vasospasm and death after subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

CCBs (nimodipine)

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10
Q

3 mitochondrial diseases

A
  • leber herditary optic neuropathy
  • myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers
  • mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)
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11
Q

which drug prolongs QT interval without risk of torsades

A

amiodarone

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12
Q

which cells release proteases in emphysema

A

neutrophils and macrophages

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13
Q

DOC for acute decompensated heart failure

A

diuretics

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14
Q

Mc Murray test

A

pain popping on external rotation –> medial meniscus tear

pain popping on internal rotation –> lateral meniscus tear

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15
Q

areas to injure radial nerve

A
  • midshaft fracture of humerus

- compress axilla (crutches or sleeping with arm over chair)

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16
Q

radial injury presentation

A

wrist drop
loss of elbow, wrist, finger extension
decrease grip strength
lose sensation over posterior arm/forearm and dorsal hand

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17
Q

L3-L4 radiculopathy

A

weakeness of knee extension

decreased patellar reflex

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18
Q

L4-L5 radiculopathy

A

weak dorsiflexion

difficulty in heel-walking

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19
Q

L5-S1 radiculopathy

A

weak plantarflexion
decreased achilles reflex
difficulty toe walking

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20
Q

causes of osteonecrosis

A

Corticosteroids
Alcoholism
Sickle cell disease
tramau

The bends

Legg-Calve- perthes disease
Gauchers
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis

CAST Bent LEGS

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21
Q

giant cell tumor

A

20-40 years old

epiphyseal end of long bones- knee

locally aggressive, benign

soap bubble on x-ray

multinucleated giant cells

22
Q

mixed connective tissue disease

A

features of SLE, sclerosis, polymyositis

anti-U1 RNP

23
Q

which disease is endomysial inflammation and which perimysial inflamm?

A

endomysial- polymyositis

perimysial- dermatomyositis

24
Q

which layer does staph scalded syndrome affect?

A

stratum granulosum

25
Q

erythema multiforme

A

macules, papules, vesicles, target lesions

assocations: 
infections (mycoplasma, HSV)
drugs (Sulfa, beta-lactams, phenytoin)
cancer
autoimmune
26
Q

McCune-Albright syn

A

GNAS mutation –> const. AC

cafe-au-lait
endocrine abnl (precocious puberty, thryoid)
fibrous dysplasia (multiple osteolytic lesions)
27
Q

congenital hypothyroidism

A

infants develop constipation, hypotonia, macroglossia, umbilical hernia, large anterior fontanelle

28
Q

patellar fracture

A

from blow to anterior patella

swelling, tenderness, inability to extend knee against gravity

29
Q

thoracic outlet syndrome

A

compress lower trunk of brachial plexus in scalene triangle

upper extremity weakness, tingling, numbness

30
Q

scaphoid fractures at risk for

A

avascular necrosis `

31
Q

which muscle in greater sciatic foramen

A

piriformis

32
Q

merocrine exocrine glands

A

cells release watery secretory product via exocytosis

salivary, eccrine, apocrine

33
Q

apocrine exocrine glands

A

release membrane bound vesicles with secretory product

mammary glands

34
Q

holocrine exocrine glands

A

release entire contents of cells via cell lysis

sebaceous glands

35
Q

lambert-eaton myasthenic syndrome symptoms

A

proximal muscle weakness
CN involved
autonomic disturbances

most have malignancy (small cell lung cancer)

36
Q

Ehlers-danlos enzyme defect

A

procollagen peptidase- cleaves terminal propeptides from procollagen in extracellular space

37
Q

potency of anesthetic determined by

A

minimum alveolar concentration (indirect relationship)

38
Q

structures of neural crest

A 
melanocytes
odontoblasts
tracheal cartilage
enterochromaffin cells
laryngeal cartilage

Parafollicular cells of thyroid
adrenal medulla
schwann cells
spiral membrane

MOTEL PASS

39
Q

location of locus ceruleus

A

posterior rostral pons near lateral floor of 4th ventricle

40
Q

tPA transient side effect

A

reperfusion arrythmia

41
Q

how does alcohol lead to hypoglycemia

A

metabolism of ethanol reduces NAD+ to NADH–> inhibits gluconeogenesis

42
Q

systemic mastocytosis

A

mast cell proliferation- KIT mutations –> excessive histamine

hypotension, pruritis, excess gastric acid secretion, inactivates pancreas and intestinal enzymes (diarrhea)

43
Q

hereditary pum hypertension hits

A

1st hit- BMPR2- aut dom- smooth muscle cell proliferation

2nd hit- (infection, drugs, ion defects) - activates the disease- vasoconstriction

44
Q

krukenberg tumor morphology

A

increased mucin production

signet ring- nuclei pushed to periphery

45
Q

ataxia telengctasia gene and symptoms

A

ATM- DNA break repair from radiation

ataxia, telengctasia, recurrent resp infections

46
Q

how to treat mild vs severe hypoglycemia in DM1 patient

A

mild- fast-acting carbs (juice, glucose tablets

severe- intramuscular glucagon

47
Q

shapes of urine stones

A

calcium oxalate- octahedron (square with X)
Calcium phosphate- elongated, wedge shaped

Mg ammonium phosphate- rectangular prisms or struvite

uric acid- rhomboid

cystine- flat yellow hexagonal

48
Q

how does chronic diarrhea lead to uric acid stones

A

lose HCO3–> increase excretion of H+ to compensate –> acidic environment in urine –> increase conversion of urate (soluble) to uric acid (insoluble)

49
Q

c-myc function

A

transcription activator

50
Q

what should be the next lab after elevated alk phos?

A

gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase

determines if elevated alk phosphate is due to hepatic/gall baldder cause or bone
will be elevated in hepatic cause

Wrongs (36 decks)

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