5/24 Flashcards
mullerian aplasia
AKA mayer-rokitansky-kuster-hauser syndrome
variable uterine development, no vagina
primary amenorrhea
normal ovaries and secondary sex characteristics
osler-weber-rendu syn
hereditary hemorrhagic telengstasia in skin and mucous membranes (lips, oropharnyx, GI, urinary tract)
rupture –> hematuria, GI bleeding, epistaxis
most common cause of sudden cardiac death in a patient 48 hours after MI
ventricular fibrillation
how does hyperammonemia lead to encephalopathy
NH3 crosses BBB –> NH3 + glutamate makes more glutamine production –> excess glutamine accumulates in astrocytes –> decreased glutamine able to be converted back to glutamate in neurons –> disrupt excitatory neurotransmission
how does increasing preload affect heart
stretches myocardium- increases end-diastolic sarcomere length
–> increased SV and CO
serious side effects of clozapine
agranulocytosis–> monitor neutrophil count!
seizures
myocarditis
why are direct arteriolar vasodilators limited in their long term efficacy
baroreceptor reflex–> activate sympathetics –> R-A-A –> sodium and fluid retention —> tachycardia and edema
use with sympatholytics and diuretics
type of breaths in COPD versus pulmonary fibrosis
COPD (high airflow resistance): deep slow breaths
fibrosis (elastic resistance): fast shallow breaths
why is pus green
neutrophil myeloperoxidase- bue-green heme-based pigmented molecules within azurophilic granules of PMN
used in phagocytic respiratory burst
medical therapy for gallstones (for people who dont want surgery)
hydrophilic bile acids - reduce cholesterol
fenoldopam MOA and Rx
selective peripheral dopamine-1 agonist –> Gs –> vasodilation of arterial beds
and renal vasodilation good for kidney patients
rx: hypertensive emergency
linkage disequilibrium
when alleles inherited together in the same gamete more or less often than expected by chance
often due to physical proximity
atrial myxoma
primary cardiac neoplasm (often in LA)
composed of scattered cells within a mucopolysaccharide stroma (large pedunculated)
constitutional symptoms, mid-diastolic rumbling murmur at apex, positional SOB
CD31
PECAM-1- leukocyte migration
expressed in hepatic angiosarcoma
binding of opiates to pre-synaptic and post-synapse on mu receptors
pre-synapse: close Ca–> reduced Ca influx (decrease Ach, NE, Serotonin, gluatamate, substance P release)
post synapse: opens K channels–> K efflux
which artery gives majority of supply to femoral head and neck
medial femoral circumflex artery
stat test to evaluate 2 categorical variables association
chi-square test for independence
tests to compare the means between groups
uses quantitative variables!
paired t- test: 2 groups
ANOVA: >2 groups
menetrier disease
gastric hyperplasia of mucosa–> hypertrophic rugae (brain gryi-esq)
excess mucus production, loss of protein
parietal cell atrophy–> less acid
precancerous
what is reabsorbed more in medullary collecting duct as a result of vasopressin
water and urea
which infection is erythema multiforme associated with
HSV
most frequent CNS tumor in someone with AIDS
primary CNS lymphoma
methylmalonic acidemia
deficiency of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
lethargy, vomiting, tachypnea in newborn
hyperammonemia, ketotic hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, elevated urine methylmalonic acid and propionic acid
which hypoerthyroid drug helps opthalmopathy and how
high-dose glucocorticoids- antiinflammatory
how is copper normally excreted
into bile, then excreted in feces
renal is 5-15%
renal papillary necrosis
gross hematuria, flank pain, and sloughing of papillae into urine
seen in patients with sickle cell, diabetes, severe obstructive pyelonephritis, analgesic nephropathy
Courvoisier sign
palpable but non-tender gall bladder
signs of pancreas head adenocarcinoma
- courvoisier sign
- weight loss
- obstructive jaundice (dark urine, pale stools)
CFTR mutation in respiratory/intestinal mucosa vs sweat in CF patients
resp/intestinal: reduced secretion of Cl, increased Na and H2O reabsorption –> thickened mucus
sweat: reduced absorption of Cl and Na–> increased Na and Cl in sweat
what is insertion point for patellar ligament
tibial tuberosity
Osgood-Schlatter disease
overuse of the secondary ossification center of tibial tuberosity –> impair quads
from young athlete doing repetitive quad contracting (jumps)
which bacteria produces very narrow zone of beta hemolysis
listeria
what part of immune system guards against listeria
cell-mediated immunity (cytokines)
what factors make up low Vd
high charge
high molecular weight
hydrophilicity
high plasma protein binding
aortic regurgitation has what effect on LV
increased SV from added volume and eccentric hypertrophy
which lymphoma follow pharnygitis on initial presentation and then has waxing and waning lymph node enlargement
follicular lymphoma
which type of depression is MAOIs good for
atypical depression- increased appetite and sleep, leaden paralysis, rejection sensitivity, mood reactivity
what can help bypass apoptosis in folate deficiency
thymidine supplementation
