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Wrongs > 5/4 > Flashcards

5/4 Flashcards

1
Q

where do elastases in lung come from?

A

macropahge lysosomes and neutrophil granules

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2
Q

lesions of macula cause

A

central scotomas- localized visual defect

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3
Q

antibodies of pregnant mother if she is A/B or O

A

A/B- IgM antibodies- cant cross placenta

O- IgG cross placenta- even in first pregnancy

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4
Q

where is ADH made?

A

paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus

if damaged –> permanent central diabetes insipidus

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5
Q

antidote to beta blocker OD and MOA

A

glucagon

increases cAMP in cardiac myocytes–> increase in intracellular calcium –> increase HR and contractility

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6
Q

inheritance pattern of Hungtinton

A

aut dominant

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7
Q

inheritance pattern of classic galactosemia

A

aut rec

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8
Q

inheritance pattern of leber hereditary optic neuropathy

A

mitochondrial

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9
Q

inheritance pattern of hemophilia B

A

x linked rec

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10
Q

bronchial obstruction findings on x-ray

A

unilateral pulm opacification

deviated trachea towards affected lung

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11
Q

what is the most common cancer cause of mortality in both men and women

A

lung cancer

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12
Q

drug of choice in bulimia

and drug contradinidicated in bulimia

A

DOC: fluoxetine

contra: buproprion

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13
Q

which insulin is preferred to treat diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

regular insulin

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14
Q

brown pigment gallstones due to…

A

infection (eg. clonorchis sinensis, e coli) of biliary tract

release beta glucuronidase by injured hepatocytes and bacteria –> increases unconjugated bilirubin

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15
Q

AV node location

A

endocardial surface of right atrium

near septal leaflet of tricuspid valve and orifice of coronary sinus

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16
Q

arteriovenous concentration gradient reflects…

A

tissue solubility

higher the gradient, the greater the solubility, and the slower of onset of action at the tissues

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17
Q

peroneal nerve injury effects

A

dorsiflexion of foot

eversion of foot

sensory on dorsal part of foot and between 1st and 2nd toes

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18
Q

where is there no hypernatremia in primary hyperaldosterinism?

A

aldosterone escape- increase in renal blood flow–> increase ANP - limits Na retention

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19
Q

desmopressin activities and Rx in vasculature

A

enhances vWF (vWF disease) and factor VIII (hemophilia A)

dont confuse with vasopressin actions at V1- vascular smooth muscle contraction

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20
Q

treat mycobacterium avium when CD4<50

A

azithromycin

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21
Q

where does ADH act in the renal tubules?

A

medullary portion of collecting duct

22
Q

causes of intrassuception in under versus over 2 year olds

A

under- structural (sometimes virus)

over- meckel diverticulum, foreign body, tumor

near ileocecal valve

23
Q

sickle cell anemia effect on spleen

A

microvascular occlusion by sickled RBCs- trapped by rigid splenic cords

repeat infarcts –> fibrosis and atrophy

24
Q

enzyme used in TG metabolism during diabetic ketoacidosis to make glucose

A

glycerol kinase

25
Q

KRAS

A

protooncogene

26
Q

location of pilocytic astrocytoma and medulloblastoma

A

cerebellum

27
Q

21 hydroxylase converts what to what

A

progesterone to 11-deoxycorticosterone

28
Q

cryptogenic stroke

A

“bubbly study” right to left intracardiac shunt

associated with patent foramen ovale and ASD

29
Q

patent foramen ovale

A

incomplete closure of septum primum and septum secundum

normally fine because LA pressure greater than RA

but valsalva maneuver or hypercoagulability can increase RA pressure
leading to a paradoxical brain embolism or venous thrombosis

30
Q

at what stage of lungs does cilia end?

A

respiratory bronchioles

outlast cartilage, goblet cells, mucous glands (which end at bronchi)

31
Q

what is the cause of tetralogy of fallot?

A

anterior and cephalad deviation of infundibular system during embryo development

due to abnormal neural crest migration

32
Q

how do inactivated vaccines work?

A

neutralize virus, preventing entry into cells (humoral immunity)

versus live attenuated, cell-mediated immunity using memory

33
Q

if infant comes in with constipation and narrow section of colon, what should you do?

A

biopsy submucosa looking for hirschprung (no myenteric or meissner plexus)

34
Q

what develops in old lung cavities?

A

fungus ball- aspergillis

35
Q

why would someone who receives transfusion become hypocalcemic?

A

packed RBCs contain citrate (substance added to stored blood for anticoagulation) can chelate calcium and Mg

36
Q

what main artery is near third part of duodenum?

A

superior mesenteric artery

37
Q

what is immediate and long term treatment of panic disorder?

A

immediate: benzos

long-term: SSRIs/SNRI/CBT

38
Q

how is congenital toxoplasmosis acquired?

A

in utero via placenta

39
Q

familial erythrocytosis

A

mutation of binding 2,3BPG to beta units of HbA, which normally allows O2 to leave Hb and enter the peripheral tissues, so instead they have a higher O2 affinity

resembles fetal hemoglobin which also doesnt bind 2,3BPG well so that they an steal the oxygen from the mama

40
Q

acute intermittent pophyria

A

aut dom- porphobilinogen deaminase deficiency

GI and peripheral neuropathy and neuropsych and reddish urine

treat- IV glucose or heme to downregulate ALA synthase

41
Q

what type of mutation is it if the DNA sample is shortened by a number not divisible by 3?

A

frameshift mutation

42
Q

side effect of loop diuretics

A

hearing loss

hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia

43
Q

which class of antiarrythmics prolong AP and inhibit phase 0 depolarization

A

class 1A

44
Q

which class of antiarrythmics strongly inhibit phase 0 depolarization but dont have an effect on AP duration

A

class 1c

45
Q

which class of antiarrythmics weakly inhibit phase 0 depolarization and shorten AP duration?

A

Class 1B

46
Q

which growth factors stimulate angiogenesis?

A

VEGF and FGF

47
Q

type of inheritance of androgenetic alopecia

A

polygenic! depends on both hormones and genes

key sites: short arm of chromosome 20, and X and Y chromosomes so can be aut dominant or x-linked rec

48
Q

which nerve carries pain fibers from mediastinal and diaphragmatic pleura?

A

phrenic nerve

49
Q

CO formula, according to Fick principle

A

CO= rate of O2 consumption/ arteriovenous O2 content difference

50
Q

Reid index

A

ratio of thickness of mucous gland layer in submucosa/ layer of thickness from the epithelium to before the cartilage

above 40% – severe chronic bronchitis

Wrongs (36 decks)

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