5/4 Flashcards
where do elastases in lung come from?
macropahge lysosomes and neutrophil granules
lesions of macula cause
central scotomas- localized visual defect
antibodies of pregnant mother if she is A/B or O
A/B- IgM antibodies- cant cross placenta
O- IgG cross placenta- even in first pregnancy
where is ADH made?
paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus
if damaged –> permanent central diabetes insipidus
antidote to beta blocker OD and MOA
glucagon
increases cAMP in cardiac myocytes–> increase in intracellular calcium –> increase HR and contractility
inheritance pattern of Hungtinton
aut dominant
inheritance pattern of classic galactosemia
aut rec
inheritance pattern of leber hereditary optic neuropathy
mitochondrial
inheritance pattern of hemophilia B
x linked rec
bronchial obstruction findings on x-ray
unilateral pulm opacification
deviated trachea towards affected lung
what is the most common cancer cause of mortality in both men and women
lung cancer
drug of choice in bulimia
and drug contradinidicated in bulimia
DOC: fluoxetine
contra: buproprion
which insulin is preferred to treat diabetic ketoacidosis?
regular insulin
brown pigment gallstones due to…
infection (eg. clonorchis sinensis, e coli) of biliary tract
release beta glucuronidase by injured hepatocytes and bacteria –> increases unconjugated bilirubin
AV node location
endocardial surface of right atrium
near septal leaflet of tricuspid valve and orifice of coronary sinus
arteriovenous concentration gradient reflects…
tissue solubility
higher the gradient, the greater the solubility, and the slower of onset of action at the tissues
peroneal nerve injury effects
dorsiflexion of foot
eversion of foot
sensory on dorsal part of foot and between 1st and 2nd toes
where is there no hypernatremia in primary hyperaldosterinism?
aldosterone escape- increase in renal blood flow–> increase ANP - limits Na retention
desmopressin activities and Rx in vasculature
enhances vWF (vWF disease) and factor VIII (hemophilia A)
dont confuse with vasopressin actions at V1- vascular smooth muscle contraction
treat mycobacterium avium when CD4<50
azithromycin
where does ADH act in the renal tubules?
medullary portion of collecting duct
causes of intrassuception in under versus over 2 year olds
under- structural (sometimes virus)
over- meckel diverticulum, foreign body, tumor
near ileocecal valve
sickle cell anemia effect on spleen
microvascular occlusion by sickled RBCs- trapped by rigid splenic cords
repeat infarcts –> fibrosis and atrophy
enzyme used in TG metabolism during diabetic ketoacidosis to make glucose
glycerol kinase
KRAS
protooncogene
location of pilocytic astrocytoma and medulloblastoma
cerebellum
21 hydroxylase converts what to what
progesterone to 11-deoxycorticosterone
cryptogenic stroke
“bubbly study” right to left intracardiac shunt
associated with patent foramen ovale and ASD
patent foramen ovale
incomplete closure of septum primum and septum secundum
normally fine because LA pressure greater than RA
but valsalva maneuver or hypercoagulability can increase RA pressure
leading to a paradoxical brain embolism or venous thrombosis
at what stage of lungs does cilia end?
respiratory bronchioles
outlast cartilage, goblet cells, mucous glands (which end at bronchi)
what is the cause of tetralogy of fallot?
anterior and cephalad deviation of infundibular system during embryo development
due to abnormal neural crest migration
how do inactivated vaccines work?
neutralize virus, preventing entry into cells (humoral immunity)
versus live attenuated, cell-mediated immunity using memory
if infant comes in with constipation and narrow section of colon, what should you do?
biopsy submucosa looking for hirschprung (no myenteric or meissner plexus)
what develops in old lung cavities?
fungus ball- aspergillis
why would someone who receives transfusion become hypocalcemic?
packed RBCs contain citrate (substance added to stored blood for anticoagulation) can chelate calcium and Mg
what main artery is near third part of duodenum?
superior mesenteric artery
what is immediate and long term treatment of panic disorder?
immediate: benzos
long-term: SSRIs/SNRI/CBT
how is congenital toxoplasmosis acquired?
in utero via placenta
familial erythrocytosis
mutation of binding 2,3BPG to beta units of HbA, which normally allows O2 to leave Hb and enter the peripheral tissues, so instead they have a higher O2 affinity
resembles fetal hemoglobin which also doesnt bind 2,3BPG well so that they an steal the oxygen from the mama
acute intermittent pophyria
aut dom- porphobilinogen deaminase deficiency
GI and peripheral neuropathy and neuropsych and reddish urine
treat- IV glucose or heme to downregulate ALA synthase
what type of mutation is it if the DNA sample is shortened by a number not divisible by 3?
frameshift mutation
side effect of loop diuretics
hearing loss
hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia
which class of antiarrythmics prolong AP and inhibit phase 0 depolarization
class 1A
which class of antiarrythmics strongly inhibit phase 0 depolarization but dont have an effect on AP duration
class 1c
which class of antiarrythmics weakly inhibit phase 0 depolarization and shorten AP duration?
Class 1B
which growth factors stimulate angiogenesis?
VEGF and FGF
type of inheritance of androgenetic alopecia
polygenic! depends on both hormones and genes
key sites: short arm of chromosome 20, and X and Y chromosomes so can be aut dominant or x-linked rec
which nerve carries pain fibers from mediastinal and diaphragmatic pleura?
phrenic nerve
CO formula, according to Fick principle
CO= rate of O2 consumption/ arteriovenous O2 content difference
Reid index
ratio of thickness of mucous gland layer in submucosa/ layer of thickness from the epithelium to before the cartilage
above 40% – severe chronic bronchitis
