The Cell: Lecture Flashcards
oocyte cell
aka egg cell; has tons of cytoplasm
sperm cell
DNA in the head of a cell
fat cell
filled with lipid; small cytoplasm is on the side
red blood cell
no nucleus; bag of hemoglobin
inorganic compounds
no carbon, nonliving
electrolytes
acids, bases, salts
water % mass in a cell
75% of cell mass
inorganic compounds examples
water and electrolytes
3 components most cells hav in common
cell membrane, a nucleus, and a cytoplasm
organic compounds
contains carbon, living
types of organic compounds
protein, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
what is the structure and function of each protein determined by?
the number and sequence of its amino acids
what are the three types of protein?
structural, enzymes, and hormones
monosaccharides
simple sugar (glucose)
disaccharides
two sugars linked together (sucrose)
polysaccharides
many sugars linked together (glycogen)
what are some examples of lipids?
fats, cholesterol, phospholipids
fats
storage form
cholesterol function
- It strengthens the membrane and stabilizes it at temperature extremes
- precursor to fat soluble vitamins and steroid hormone
phospholipids
structural form is bilayer
what are some examples of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
DNA
chromosomes, stores genetic information
RNA
involved in protein synthesis
what is the cell membrane composed of?
lipids/phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates
amphipathic molecule
has both a polar and nonpolar end
how is the cell membrane amphipathic?
it has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
what is the four functions of the cell membrane?
- compartmentalization
- regulation of movement of materials from one area to another
- provides for intercellular interactions
- provides recognition sites
how is intercellular interactions helpful in the cell membrane?
it allows communication between cells; cell-cell recognition sites (through adhesion)
extracellular fluid’s location
located outside of the cell membrane
interstitial fluid’s location
the extracellular fluid located closest to the outer surface of the membrane
three components of the nucleus
chromatin, nuclear envelope, nucleolus
chromatin
DNA and protein
nuclear envelope
membrane surrounding the nucleus
nucleolus
site of RNA synthesis (ribosomes produced)
three functions of the nucleus
- stores genetic material
- involved in cellular division
- regulates cellular metabolism and activity of all organelles
what does the cytoplasm consist of?
cytosol and organelles
cytosol
fluid within the cell; composition varies by cell type
organelles
small structures that perform specific cell functions
inclusions
small components of cells related to its function (very cell-specific)
what are the types of organelles within the cytoplasm
ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, and mitochondria
ribosomes
“protein factories” of cell
ribosome structure
composed of protein and RNA
ribosome function
site of protein synthesis !!!
endoplasmic reticulum structure
- membranous network of channels
- located through the cytoplasm
- continuous with nuclear membrane
endoplasmic reticulum function
provides a channel for communication and transport of substances throughout the cell
what types of endoplasmic reticulum are there?
rough ER and soft ER
rough ER
- has multiple ribosomes on its surface
- responsible for manufacture and transport of protein
smooth ER
- responsible for lipid production and metabolism, and calcium storage
- detoxification
golgi complex structure
stacks of flattened “sacs”
golgi complex function
- storage of protein
- packages material into vesicles or granules for storage or secretion
mitochondria
tHe miTocHoNdRia iS tHe pOwErhOUsE oF tHe cELL
mitochondria structure
has internal components called cristae
mitochondria function
- cellular respiration
- production of energy from ATP for cellular functions
7 types of cytoplasmic inclusions
secretory granules, hemoglobin, lipids droplets, pigments, lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles
cytoskeleton
proteins arranged to perform specific cellular functions
types of proteins within the cytoskeleton
microtubules, centrioles, microfilaments
microtubules structure
small, hallow tubules which run throughout the cytoplasm
how are tubules formed
by a protein called tubulin
microtubules function
- provides a supporting network
- conducting channels through which substances pass through the cytoplasm
- structural component of centrioles and cilia (memorize this)
centrioles structure
- cylindrically shaped organelle composed of nine triplets of microtubules
- two per cell, located near nucleus
centrioles function
they play an important role in cell division
microfilaments structure
- thin strands of protein
- usually found in bundles
microfilaments function
- provides cytoskeletal support (which dictates cell shape)
- associated with contractile activities and cell locomotion (this is abundant in muscle cells)
what does locomotion also mean
movement
microvilli structure
finger-like projections of cell membrane made by in-folding
microvilli function
increases surface area of cell membrane and facilitates transport
cilia structure
cytoplasmic projections made of microtubules
cilia function
move in a wave-like fashion to move mucous, etc.
cellular adhesions
-junctional complexes/specialized regions of contact
examples of cellular adhesions
tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions
tight junctions
from a tight seal between cells
desmosomes
“spot-weld” cells together
gap junctions
allow for cell to cell exchange and communication
what are fat cells also called
adipocytes
what are red blood cells also called
erythrocyte
where is cholesterol found in the membrane
at the hydrophobic side of the phospholipid bilayer
nucleus function
- it controls protein synthesis
- it directs the functional and structural characteristics of the cell
