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Anatomy > Nervous System II: Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Nervous System II: Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

spinal cord nervous system general location

A

-in vertebral column enclosed by vertebrae in vertebral canal

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2
Q

spinal cord nervous system location extent

A

-foramen magnum of the medulla to intervertebral disc between L1 and L2

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3
Q

spinal cord nervous system components

A
  • conus medullaris
  • cauda equina
  • filum terminale
  • cervical and lumbar enlargements
  • spinal nerves
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4
Q

conus medullaris

A
  • aka “horse tail”
  • composed of nerve roots
  • extends from the distal end of the spinal cord
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5
Q

filum terminale

A
  • a long filament of CT
  • extends inferiorly from the conus medullaris (extension of pia mater)
  • functions to anchor the spinal cord to coccyx (so it doesn’t shift
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6
Q

cervical and lumbar enlargements

A
  • thickened regions

- contains neurons that control the skeletal muscle of the upper and lower limbs

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7
Q

spinal nerves

A

-arranged in plexi originate from these enlargements
31 pairs of spinal nerves
-exit the spinal cord thrugh the intervertebral foramina in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions

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8
Q

meninges composition

A

-three layers of CT which cover and protect the Brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

meninges components

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid
  • pia mater
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10
Q

dura mater

A
  • outermost layer

- tough as parchment

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11
Q

arachnoid mater

A
  • very thin middle layer

- like cellophane

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12
Q

pia mater

A
  • CT covering

- touches spinal cord and brain

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13
Q

spaces within the meninges

A
  • subarachnoid space
  • epidural space
  • subdural space
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14
Q

subarachnoid space location

A
  • deep to arachnoid
  • between arachnoid and pia mater
  • brain and spinal cord
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15
Q

subarachnoid space composition

A

-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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16
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

-ultra filtrate of plasma produced in ventricles of the brain

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17
Q

characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • clear/colorless/odorless

- serves to cushion and nourish the brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

cerebrospinal fluid production location

A
  • choroid plexus in the ventricles of the brain

- circulates in the subarachnoid space

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19
Q

choroid plexus in the brain

A

-specialized capillaries that produces CSF

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20
Q

epidural space

A
  • located in external to dura mater

- contains fat and blood vessels which supply the spinal cord

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21
Q

subdural space

A
  • deep to the dura mater
  • normally nothing is found in this space
  • arachnoid is pressed against dura)
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22
Q

when would something be in the subdural space?

A

-during injury, it may fill will blood (aka subdural hemorrhage)

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23
Q

what happens during meningitis?

A

-inflammation of the meninges

24
Q

what could inflammation also mean?

A

-infection

25
Q

how can you diagnose meningitis?

A
  • spinal tap

- lumbar puincture

26
Q

at what vertebral level can you put a needle to test for meningitis safely without damaging the spinal cord? and why?

A
  • between L4 and L5

- it’s safe because the spinal cord ends at L1-L2

27
Q

what anatomical landmark could you use to help locate the vertebral level when testing for meningitis?

A
  • palpate the iliac crests

- a line drawn from one crest to the other passes through the junction of vertebrae L4 and L5

28
Q

list in order the structures the needle to test for meningitis would have to pierce to reach the subarachnoid space

A
  • skin
  • subcutaneous tissue
  • interspinous ligaments (CT)
  • epidural space
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid space
  • subarachnoid space
29
Q

when inserting the needle to test for meningitis, what areas do you not want to pierce?

A
  • pia mater

- spinal cord

30
Q

how many segments is the spinal cord divided into?

A

-31 segments

31
Q

what are the names of the spinal segment regions?

A
  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • sacral
  • coccygeal
32
Q

how many segments are within each spinal segment region?

A
  • C: 8
  • T: 12
  • L: 5
  • S: 5
  • C: 1
33
Q

white matter

A
  • fiber bundles(tracts) of myelinated axons

- often arranged in columns of fasciculi

34
Q

what causes the white color in myelin?

A

-due to myelin (made of lipid)

35
Q

gray matter

A

-contains cell bodies of neurons located in horns

36
Q

where are gray matter horns?

A
  • regions that are H-shaped

- central portion of the spinal cord

37
Q

ventral grey horn

A

-contain cell bodies of motor neurons

38
Q

dorsal root

A
  • extends laterally from spinal cord
  • contains sensory nerve fibers
  • collection of cell bodies outside of nervous system
39
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A
  • attached to dorsal root

- contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

40
Q

ventral root

A
  • extends laterally from spinal cord

- contains motor nerve fibers

41
Q

what is located at each spinal cord segment?

A

-a pair of spinal nerves

42
Q

what are the components of a spinal nerve?

A

-motor and sensory fibers

43
Q

what do spinal nerves pass through?

A

-intervertebral foramen

44
Q

what are spinal reflexes?

A
  • rapid, unconscious automatic response to a stimulus

- protect areas of the body from injury (i.e. overstretching s muscle/tendon)

45
Q

what part of the body does a spinal reflex not involve?

A

-the brain

46
Q

reflex arc

A
  • a conduction pathway

- includes multiple components

47
Q

components and location of a stretch reflex

A
  • receptor in muscle spindle (aka tendon)
  • sensory neuron in dorsal root ganglion
  • motor neuron in ventral gray horn of spinal cord
  • effector in the skeletal muscle
48
Q

spinal reflex receptor function

A
  • responds to stimulus

- initiates impulse

49
Q

spinal reflex sensory neuron function

A

-transmits impulse to CNS (spinal cord)

50
Q

spinal reflex motor neuron function

A

-transmits impulse from CNS to PNS (spinal nerve)

51
Q

spinal reflex effector function

A

-muscle that impulses responds to motor neuron impulse

52
Q

how many synapses are necessary in a stretch reflex arc?

A

-one

53
Q

how does a withdrawal reflex differ from a stretch reflex?

A

-withdrawal reflex includes a interneuron

54
Q

where is the receptor for a withdrawal reflex located?

A

-in the skin

55
Q

where does an interneuron transmit information to?

A

-the sensory neuron to the motor neuron

56
Q

what is an interneuron also called?

A

-associative

57
Q

how many synapses are necessary in a withdrawal reflex arc?

A

-two

Anatomy (41 decks)

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