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Anatomy > Heart I > Flashcards

Heart I Flashcards

1
Q

heart location

A
  • located in the mediastinum

- posterior to the sternum

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2
Q

position of the heart

A
  • 45° rotation to the left

- caudal lift

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3
Q

mediastinum

A

-central space between the lungs

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4
Q

base of the heart

A
  • broad superior region

- where major vessels enter and exit the heart

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5
Q

apex of the heart

A
  • cone-shaped end at the inferolateral aspect of organ

- lies at level of nipple (T4)

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6
Q

chambers of the heart

A
  • two atria (superior)

- two ventricles (inferior)

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7
Q

pericardium

A
  • double-walled sac

- encloses the heart and the roots of great vessels

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8
Q

parts of the pericardial sac

A
  • fibrous pericardium

- serous pericardium

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9
Q

fibrous pericardium

A
  • outer sac
  • tough/dense CT
  • attaches heart to diaphragm and base of vessels
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10
Q

serous pericardium components

A
  • parietal pericardium

- visceral pericardium

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11
Q

serous pericardium

A

-thin, double layer with two portions

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12
Q

parietal pericardium

A

-outer membrane attached to fibrous portion

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13
Q

visceral pericardium

A
  • aka epicardium

- inner membrane to the heart surface

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14
Q

pericardial cavity composition

A
  • space contains serous fluid

- thing layer of watery fluid that lubricates membrane

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15
Q

pericardial cavity function

A

-decreases friction between the layer of the pericardium as heart beats (since it contracts and relaxes)

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16
Q

what is located within the grooves of the heart?

A

-coronary blood vessels

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17
Q

external anatomy components

A
  • atrioventricular(AV) sulcus

- anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

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18
Q

atrioventricular(AV) sulcus

A
  • separates atria from ventricles
  • contains right and left coronary arteries and circumflex artery (goes around ‘circumference’ of heart)
  • arteries are imbedded in fat pad
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19
Q

anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

A
  • separates right and left ventricles

- contains interventricular arteries (anterior and posterior)

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20
Q

layers of the wall of the heart components

A
  • epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
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21
Q

epicardium

A
  • same as visceral pericardium
  • outermost layer
  • composed of fibrous CT and fat in sulci
  • major coronary vessels found here
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22
Q

myocardium

A
  • middle layer
  • composed of cardiac muscle
  • has special conduction capillaries
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23
Q

endocardium

A
  • innermost layer
  • composed of simple squamous epithelium
  • continuous w/ endothelial lining in blood vessel
  • values are also covered w/ endocardium
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24
Q

what vessels carry blood into the heart?

A
  • superior vena cava
  • inferior vena cava
  • coronary sinus
  • pulmonary veins
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25
Q

superior vena cava

A

-carries deoxygenated blood returned to right atrium from upper body and head

26
Q

inferior vena cava

A

-carries deoxygenated blood which is returned to right atrium from lower body

27
Q

coronary sinus

A
  • contains venous blood returning from the heart’s coronary circulation
  • enters posterior right atrium
28
Q

pulmonary veins

A
  • four pulmonary veins: 2 from right and 2 from left

- transports oxygenated blood from lungs to the posterior left atrium

29
Q

which veins are the only set of oxygen rich veins in an adult body?

A

-pulmonary veins

30
Q

what vessels carry blood away from the heart?

A
  • pulmonary trunk

- aorta

31
Q

pulmonary trunk

A
  • divides into right and left pulmonary arteries

- transports deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs

32
Q

aorta

A

-transports oxygenated blood from left ventricles to body

33
Q

which side of the heart receives oxygenated blood?

A

-left receives this blood from lungs and is pumped throughout body

34
Q

which side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood?

A

-right receives this blood from tissues and is sent to lungs where CO2 is exchanged for O2

35
Q

what are the superior receiving chambers of the heart?

A
  • right atrium

- left atrium

36
Q

what does the right atrium receive?

A

-receives oxygen poor blood from the body

37
Q

what does the left atrium receive?

A

-receives oxygen rich blood from lungs

38
Q

what separates the atria from one another?

A

-interatrial (IA) septum

39
Q

what are the inferior pumping chambers of the heart?

A
  • right ventricle

- left ventricle

40
Q

what does the right ventricle pump?

A

-pumps oxygen poor blood to lungs

41
Q

what does the left ventricle pump?

A

-pumps oxygen rich blood to the body

42
Q

what separates the ventricles from one another?

A

-interventricular (IV) septum

43
Q

what are some specializations of the chambers?

A
  • trabeculae carneae

- valves

44
Q

trabeculae carnae

A
  • muscular ridges that project from inner surface of ventricle
  • prevents suction that would’ve occurred with a flat surface membrane
45
Q

valves

A
  • acts as gates within the heart ensuring that blood flows in one direction
  • opens/closes in response to volume and pressure in heart
  • covered in endothelium
46
Q

valve types

A
  • atrioventricular valves

- semilunar valves

47
Q

atrioventricular(AV) valve

A
  • acts as gates that open/close due to pressure gradients

- ensures that blood flows only in one direction

48
Q

atrioventricular valve components

A
  • tricuspid valve
  • bicuspid valve
  • papillary muscles
  • chordae tendineae
49
Q

atrioventricular tricuspid valve

A
  • aka right AV valve
  • has three cusps
  • blood passes from right atrium through this valve to right ventricle
50
Q

atrioventricular bicuspid valve

A
  • aka left AV valve or mitral valve
  • has two cusps
  • blood passes from left atrium through this valve to left ventricle
51
Q

what is the importance of the structures in the ventricles?

A

-helps stabilize the valves and prevents backflow

52
Q

atrioventricular papillary muscles

A
  • finger-like projections from the wall of the heart
  • prevents prolapse
  • stabilizes the valve**
53
Q

what is prolapse?

A

-valve inversion

54
Q

atrioventricular chordae tendineae

A
  • tendinous cords which attach papillary muscles to cusps of valves
  • looks like strings on a guitar
55
Q

semilunar(SLV) valve

A

-three cup like valves covered in endothelium which open and close according to pressure gradients

56
Q

semilunar valve components

A
  • pulmonary SLV

- aortic SLV

57
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

-blood passes from right ventricle through this valve on its way to the lungs

58
Q

aortic SLV

A

-blood passes from left ventricle through this valve on its way to the body

59
Q

what closes at birth that separates the right and left atria? and what results from this?

A

-foramen ovale closes at birth and results in the formation of the fossa ovale

60
Q

what happens if the foramen ovale doesn’t close at birth?

A
  • allows for mixing of oxygenated blood with deoxygenated blood
  • causes the infant to have a decrease in normal blood oxygen saturation being pumped out systematically
  • they’ll appear cyanotic (“blue baby”)
61
Q

what happens if there’s defects in the formation of the valves in an infant?

A

-may allow blood to flow backwards that produces heart murmurs

Anatomy (41 decks)

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